【作者】 冯洁；

【导师】 许序雅；

【作者基本信息】 浙江师范大学 ， 世界史， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 印度阿萨姆地区是世界上最大的产茶区,在世界茶叶发展史上占据了非常重要的地位。殖民茶园在阿萨姆地区存在的时间为1839—1947年,1839年成立了第一个茶叶公司——阿萨姆公司,开启了阿萨姆茶业的发展,直到1947年印度独立,殖民茶园的时代结束。阿萨姆茶业是在英国殖民者的支持下发展起来的,英国种植者在印度积极寻找和培植茶树,茶树在阿萨姆地区栽培成功后,殖民政府又颁布了一系列政策,推动茶业的发展。茶业是劳动力密集型产业,阿萨姆茶业迅速发展,使得对劳动力的需求迅速增加,本地劳工不足,于是大量的移民劳工被引入阿萨姆地区。这些劳工在阿萨姆殖民茶园中生活的很悲惨,他们被安排做大量的工作,但他们的收入还是不够维持基本的生存,他们还时时刻刻遭到茶园管理者的监督和刑罚,逃亡的劳工很多,劳工的死亡率也非常高。阿萨姆地区茶业经济的迅速发展就是建立在对劳工的严厉管理和支付给劳工极少量工资的基础上,最终茶叶公司和殖民政府获取了巨大的经济收益,满足了英国人对茶叶的需求。本文主要分为四个部分。第一部分介绍了阿萨姆茶业发展的背景和概况。1826年,英国人凭借强大的军事力量在阿萨姆地区建立了殖民统治,为阿萨姆茶业的发展提供了地理条件;对茶叶的需求促使英国人探寻新的产茶地,阿萨姆地区被发现可以产茶后,英国殖民政府大力扶植阿萨姆茶业,阿萨姆茶业不断扩大。第二部分到第四部分是本文的核心,详细介绍了阿萨姆殖民茶园中劳工的相关问题。第二部分写了阿萨姆茶园对劳工需求量大,需要女性劳工多于男性劳工,所需劳工的技能水平不高,并且对劳工的需求有季节性差别的特点。本地劳工大多不愿到茶园中工作,茶园中大多数为移民劳工,殖民政府采取了许多措施将他们招募到茶园中。第三部分描述了阿萨姆殖民茶园中劳工实质上是契约工。劳工生活条件非常糟糕,食物不足,引用水水质差,引发了许多疾病。劳工工作时间长,任务繁重,但他们的工资收入非常低,根本不够满足基本的生活需求。茶园主分给劳工一些小块自耕地,采用这种方式,将劳工留在茶园中,以满足茶园对劳动力的需求。第四部分介绍了阿萨姆殖民茶园的资本主义经营模式。在这种模式下,茶园管理者与劳工签订契约,管理者对待劳工就像奴隶一样,形成了现代资本主义制度与原始奴隶制度的奇特结合。殖民政府,茶叶公司,茶园管理者(主要是经理),劳工构成了茶园的相关主体：殖民政府与茶叶公司利益相关,殖民政府颁布了一系列政策将劳工从土地上“解放”出来,为茶园提供大量劳工；茶叶公司聘用经理管理茶园,茶园经理严格管理劳工,以提高茶叶产量。更多还原

【Abstract】 India’s Assam area is one of the largest tea producing areas in the world, and occupies very important position in the history of tea. Colonial tea plantations existed in 1839-1947 in Assam, and established the first tea company——Assam company in 1839, which opened the Assam tea industry development. It did not end the era of colonial tea plantations until India’s independence in 1947. Assam tea industry was developed with the support of the British. The British planters actively looked for and cultivated tea tree in India. After the success of the cultivation tea tree in Assam area, the colonial government enacted a series of policies that promoted the development of tea industry. Tea industry is labor-intensive industry. Assam tea industry developed rapidly, which increased the demand for labors. Due to the shortage of local labor, a large number of migrant workers were introduced in Assam. The life of these labors was miserable in Assam colonial tea garden— they were scheduled to do a lot of works, their income was not enough to maintain basic survival, they had always been supervised and punished by the management. The labors fled to a lot and labors were also very high mortality rate. The tea industry economy rapid development in Assam was based on strict management of labors and little wages paid to labors, and finally the Tea Company and colonial government obtained enormous economic benefits, at the same time met the British demand for tea.This paper is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the background and general situation of Assam tea industry development. In 1826, the British people had established the colonial rule with a powerful military force in Assam area, which provided geographical conditions for the development of Assam tea industry; demand for tea prompted the British exploring new area. After Assam area was found, the British colonial government featherbeds Assam tea industry, so Assam tea industry continued to expand.The second part to the fourth part is the core of this article, introducing the labors related issues in Assam colonial tea plantations. The second part shows that the labors in Assam tea plantations was in heavy demand, and needed more women than men. All the workers were poor technological level, and the demand for labors had the characteristics of the seasonal variation. Most of local labors didn’t like working in the tea garden, so the works were migrant workers which benefited by colonial government who took many measures to recruit them to the tea plantations.The third part describes the works in the labors contract in Assam colonial tea plantations were indenture labor. The living conditions of Labor were miserable- lack of food, poor quality of drinking water, causing many diseases. They worked long hours and the tasks were heavy, but their wage income was too low enough to meet basic needs of life. The master of tea plantations dealt out smallholdings to labors, in this way, made the labors stay in tea plantations and met the needs of the labors in tea plantations.The fourth part shows us the management pattern of capitalism in Assam colonial tea garden. In this mode, tea plantations management made contract with labors that was treated like slaves, which formed a strange combination that modern capitalist system and the original of slavery. The colonial government, Tea Company, tea garden management (mainly manager) and labors constituted the related subject of tea plantations:The colonial government and Tea Company were benefit relevant; Colonial government enacted a series of policies "liberated" the labor from the land, which provided a large number of labor for tea plantations; Tea Company hired manager to govern tea garden; Tea garden manager strictly controlled the labors in order to improve the tea production.更多还原