现代汉语瞬时副词及其习得状况研究

【作者】 张涛；

【导师】 张亚军；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 汉语国际教育（专业学位）， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 瞬时副词作为汉语时间副词的一个小类,指的是表示两个动作或事件之间间隔时间短的一类副词。此类副词虽然数量不是很多,但其与某些时间名词之间存在划界问题,在句法功能及语义功能方面与其他时间副词存在着一定的差异,学界从范围与分类以及此类副词与动词的时、体表达之间的关系等方面进行过较为深入的研究。“瞬时”首先是一种语义特点,但是要界定瞬时副词的成员必须依据其主要的句法功能。瞬时副词的“短时”语义使得此类词与同样表示“短时”义的时间名词存在划界的问题。瞬时义可以分为时点瞬时义和时段瞬时义两种,理论上说,瞬时可以是动作本身延续的时间短,也可以是动作或事件之间间隔的时间短。但是现代汉语的瞬时副词主要是后一类,即表示两个时间点之间的距离短,此类副词正是本文研究的对象,现代汉语中表示动作本身延续或持续时间短的时间副词极少。根据与参照时间之间的关系,瞬时副词可以分为先时瞬时副词、当时瞬时副词和后时瞬时副词三类。瞬时副词在句法功能方面与其他副词相似,以充当状语为主,包括句首状语和句中状语,少数瞬时副词可以单独使用。在语义功能方面,瞬时副词表现出企望性和述人性两种语义特征,以及表已然、表未然和表已然未然皆可的三类时体特征。由于“瞬时”以“时间短”为主要特征,而时间的长短有时更依赖于说话人的主观判断,因而瞬时副词的瞬时义又表现出客观瞬时义和主观瞬时义这两大时间特征。由于瞬时副词所表达的“短时”主要体现在两个动作、事件或动作、事件的时间与某一参照时间之间,因而在对外汉语教学中也成为学习者习得的一个难点。中介语语料显示,与瞬时副词有关的偏误可以分为遗漏、误加、错序、误代四种类型,造成这些偏误的原因是多方面,与学习者母语的影响、学习者对目的语特别是瞬时副词与相关的其他类词的用法的了解和掌握的程度等关系密切。在瞬时副词的教学中,应该注重从瞬时副词内部以及瞬时副词与其他相关词语的意义和用法比较、学习者的母语和汉语中瞬时义的表达方法的异同比较、教材编写中注重对瞬时副词语义特点的解释等方面入手,以提高瞬时副词的教学效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a small class of adverbs of time, the instantaneous adverbs are a kind of adverbs, which means that the interval time between two actions or events is short. Although the number of such adverbs is not a lot, but there are some differences between them in terms of syntactic function and semantic function, and there are some differences in syntactic function and semantic function.’Instantaneous’ is a kind of semantic feature, but it must be based on the main function of the member of the instantaneous adverb. The short term ’short term’ meaning of the temporal adverb makes this kind of words with the same time as the term of ’short time’.Instantaneous meaning can be divided into two kinds of instantaneous and time instantaneous meaning. In theory, the instantaneous can be the time of the action itself, or the time of the action or event. However, the temporal adverbs in modern Chinese are mainly the latter, which means the distance between two time points is short. This kind of temporal adverbs is the object of this study. According to the relationship between the time and the reference time, the instantaneous adverbs can be divided into three categories:first, the temporal adverbs, the instantaneous adverbs, and then the temporal adverbs.The temporal adverbs are similar to other adverbs in syntactic function, in order to act as adverbial, and include the sentence adverbial and sentence adverbial. In the semantic functions, instantaneous adverb out hope and the human nature two kinds of semantic features, and said already, said the bud and said already measures all three class features. Because of the ’instantaneous’ is the main feature of’short time’, the time is sometimes more dependent on the subjective judgment of the speaker, so the instantaneous adverbs of the instantaneous meaning and the objective of the instantaneous and instantaneous righteousness of these two time characteristics.As the ’short time’ expressed by the temporal adverbs is mainly reflected in the two actions, events or actions, the time of the event and the time of the incident, which is a difficult problem in the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. According to the intermediate language corpus, the errors caused by the temporal adverbs can be divided into four types:imitted error, added error, mis-sequence error and replaced error. The reason of these errors is many, and the influence of language learners’mother tongue, learners’ understanding and mastery of the target language, especially the temporal adverbs and other related words. In the teaching of instantaneous adverbs, we should pay more attention to the comparison between the internal and the instantaneous adverbs and other related words, the comparison of the differences between the Chinese and the learners’ mother tongue and Chinese, and pay attention to the interpretation of the semantic features of the instantaneous adverbs in order to improve the teaching effect..更多还原