【作者】 王丽；

【导师】 许祖华；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 回顾鲁迅的人生轨迹,青少年时期学习西方科学、技术,留学日本后潜心攻读医学,经历“幻灯片事件”等系列事实后,鲁迅发现西方先进的科技文明无法真正拯救亡国的事实,只有解除国人传统封建思想的禁锢,从根本上改变国人落后的思想才能救国。为此,鲁迅毅然弃医从文,鲁迅一直在黑暗社会中探索,探索一条救国之道。鲁迅拿笔战斗的目的非常清晰,即对大众进行文化批评与启蒙,而作者在杂文中又主要是通过描绘生活中各类知识分子的方式来实现文化批评与启蒙,不仅如此,鲁迅还在文本中与具体言论的各类知识分子对话,鲁迅杂文中的隐含读者指向明确,设置了区别于一般文学作品的隐含读者。为实现与隐含读者的最佳对话,鲁迅不仅关注文学形式的多样化、采用白话写作、重视文章的可读性。读者意识充斥着鲁迅各种形式的文学作品,而鲁迅杂文中的读者意识尤为明显。鲁迅通过在文中描绘生活中各类知识分子的行径与特点以期与他们对话,甚至是争论,实现文化批评与启蒙。本文以鲁迅杂文为研究对象,从鲁迅杂文人物塑造的特点入手,考察鲁迅杂文中作家的读者意识对人物塑造方面潜移默化的影响。鲁迅鲜明的读者意识对其杂文中知识分子特点的塑造具有重要的影响。首先,鲁迅杂文笔下的知识分子都是“特指”,这些知识分子在现实生活中有名有姓,很多都是家喻户晓的人物,即使存在“泛指”这类人物,也是含沙射影,作者与读者都心知肚明；其次,采取扁平式人物的塑造方法,通过截取现实知识分子身上的代表性特点展开具体论述,而不管“片段”外的人物形象,因此杂文中的人物大都是扁平式,是现实生活人物的一个侧面；再者,描绘了一系列的女性知识分子形象,这些女性是新时期女性的代表,她们遭遇各异、社会角色不同,却都走出“闺阁”,关心时事。鲁迅杂文笔下的隐含读者不仅各有特点,而且具体类型多样。针对不同的隐含读者,鲁迅持有鲜明的立场,爱憎分明。首先,依附权威、舞文弄墨的教授、学者是鲁迅文化批评的对象,鲁迅对于这类上层知识分子主要采取“讽刺”的笔调,用意是揭出病症以便引起疗救的注意。其次,对于危害国家、罪恶凶手的官人、绅士之类,鲁迅视为复仇对象,鲁迅主要采取“冷嘲”的笔调,一个都不宽恕。再者,鲁迅将孙中山、章太炎这类实干家视为中华民族的脊梁,是国家希望之所在,作者饱含崇敬之情赞美他们。然后,广大的青年知识分子承担着启蒙的重任,这类隐含读者势单力薄、嗷嗷待哺,鲁迅总是为他们做着力所能及的事。最后,鲁迅杂文不只有刚张怒目的一面,还有默默含情的诉说,展示了作者诗意的一面。隐含读者的设置是鲁迅读者意识的体现,一层石激起千层浪,鲁迅杂文引起了强烈的社会反响。鲁迅杂文散见于各大报刊,专集一版再版,被用于各地中小学教材,掀起了一股股杂文创作热,鲁迅杂文评论之声四起,褒贬不一。面对杂文所取得的回应,鲁迅再次与读者展开互动。更多还原

【Abstract】 Review of Lu Xun’s life trajectory, learning Western science and technology at adolescence, after then studing medicine seriously in Japan, experiencing the "slide event" series of facts, Lu Xun found that advanced Western technological civilization can not really save the subjugation of the fact, only releasing people from detained traditional feudal ideology and changing their ideology fundamentally then our country can be saved.To achieve this goal, Lu Xun decided to give up learning medicine, Lu Xun has been explored a long time in the dark society to finding a path of salvation. Lu Xun purposee of writing is very clear, that cultural criticism and social enlightenment to the national, which determines fundamentally the writer Lu Xun must have awareness of readers,Lu Xun’s works must be able to arouse the reader’s attention and concern. For this reason, Lu Xun not only concerned about literary form of diversification, the use of vernacular writing, pay attention to the readability of the article, but also set implied reader, communicate with potential readers, and interact with the real readers in the specific process of writing.Readers Awareness filled with various forms of literary works of Lu Xun, Lu Xun essays’ consciousness is particularly evident. Lu Xun depicting various types of intellectual acts and characteristics in the text in order to dialogue with them, and even controversy with his readers to realize cultural criticism and cultural enlightenment.I served as luxun’s essay as the research object in this paper,in the beginning of Lu Xun essay’s characteristics of the characters,invested luxun essay’s implied reader settings and its impact on the real writer and reader’s dialogue.Lu Xun’s distinctive ’consciousness has an important influence in shaping intellectual characteristics. First, intellectuals in Lu Xun’s essays are "specific to" these intellectuals identified by name in real life, many of which are household names, even if "refers to" this kind of character, authors and readers also chould found in real life; secondly, take the flat character molding method, by intercepting the main characteristics of real intellectuals to launched specifically addressed, regardless of the characters "fragment" outside, so characters in luxun’s essay are mostly flat, only one side of the living characters; furthermore, depicts a series of images of female intellectuals, these women represent the new era of women, desipte they have different encounter and different social roles, they are all concerned about the current affairs.Implied reader in Lu Xun’s essays not only have their own characteristics, but also have specific and diverse types. For different implied readers, Lu Xun hold clear positions, love or hate. First, to the professors and scholars that who rely on authority orrhetorical exercise, cultural criticism is the object of Lu Xun, Lu Xun mainly take the "ironic" tone to such intellectual elite, revealing intention cause disorder people’s attention. Secondly,to those gentleman that evil murderers who endangering nationa, Lu Xun regarded as an object of revenge, Lu Xun mainly taken the "cynical" tone, never forgive they. Furthermore,Lu Xun regarded Sun Yat-sen、zhangtaiyan these doers as the backbone of the Chinese nation, they are the hope of the country,luxun admire them and praise them. Then, to the majority of the young that who very weak and helpless, Lu Xun always doing whatever things for them. Finally,Lu Xun’s essay is not only have criticism side, but also have author’s poetic side.The setting of implied reader reflected Lu Xun’s consciousness, one ripple, Lu Xun’s essays caused a strong social repercussions. Lu Xun’s essays scattered in major newspapers, album published reprinted and is used around the school textbooks, set off a Unit Essays hot, Lu Xun’s essay reviews the cries, mixed. Faced essay responses achieved, Lu Xun once again interact with readers.更多还原