【作者】 黄华；

【导师】 董恩强；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 小学教育是国民教育的基础。清末,湖北省教育在全国处于领先地位,成为“教育示范省”。然而,到了民初,湖北教育却有所下降,主要还是因为政局不稳,经费得不到保障。南京国民政府统治的前十年,政局较为稳定,经济逐步发展,就为小学教育的发展提供了保障。湖北作为南京国民政府直接统治的区域,其小学教育的发展具有一定的代表性。本文主要从教育管理、经费、教师及学生四个方面探讨湖北小学教育,以便了解民国时期湖北小学教育发展状况。南京国民政府时期,湖北省在遵照教育部“三民主义”教育宗旨的前提下也制定了本省小学教育的实施方针,主要还是围绕小学教育的扩充与整理,以整顿复兴本省小学。此期间本省小学类型多样,主要有完全小学、初级小学、试验小学、中心小学、联保小学、简易小学、短期小学,进一步解决了当时的失学问题。与此同时,还加强对小学的视察指导,以便更好地管理各小学。就经费而言,湖北省财政拮据,教育经费投入不足,但就小学教育经费投入来说,却已经超过了本省中等教育,在全国处于遥遥领先的地位,可见当局对小学教育的重视。而各小学校经费来源不同,省立学校经费以中央及省款补助为主、各县小学经费主要为地方自筹,在经费分配上,各校经费主要开支为教师工资、办公费次之。湖北省小学中,以完全小学经费最为充裕,其教师也主要由教育厅分派优秀师范学校毕业生,各县区小学师资则较为复杂,师范毕业者所占比例较小。为更好的管理教师,对教师的薪资、任用、教学做出了明确的规定,同时还对教师进行考核,为其提供进修机会。但总体来说,省立小学教师待遇优于县区教师,生活尚可维持,还时有结余,较偏远地区的教师生活则难以维持。作为教育的对象——学生,其数量整体上呈现增加的趋势,学校对学习的课程做了详细的规定,为策励学生勤学起见,举行国语学科竞赛及各种测验；为考查学生成绩,举行毕业试验。为了促进湖北省小学的发展,当局还是尝试了一系列的努力,也取得了一定的成效,不仅加强了对小学的管理,还进一步促进了各县教育的发展。但又因“错综复杂的教育行政”、“教育界之明争暗斗”及“经费拮据”,致使湖北小学教育并没有产生“质”的改变。更多还原

【Abstract】 The primary education is the basis of the nation education. In the end of Qing dynasty, the education in Hubei province has ranked high in China, being listed as the model flat. When it comes to the early years of the Republic of China, the education in this province has declined, however. The decrease has rooted in chaotic political scene where money could not be safeguarded. During the decade of Nanjing National Government, the political situation was stable and the economy boomed, providing financial advantages for the development of elementary education. The elementary education in province of Hubei has typified to some degree, Hubei being within the direct region of Nanjing national government. Four aspects including the administration, the financial system, teachers and students will be researched in this paper in order to know more about the development of primary education in Hubei in the early Republic of China.In the first years of the Republic, on the basis of the Three People’s Principles, Hubei shaped their course about the primary education. It had much to do with the enlargement and settlement, aiming to revive the elementary education. During this period, many kinds of primary schools could be found, for example, the complete primary school, the junior primary school, the trial primary school, the central primary school, the joint guarantee primary school, the simple and easy primary school and short-timed primary school to solve the problem of drop-out. In the meanwhile, Hubei strengthened the supervision in order to manage the education. In terms of the funds, on one hand, Hubei has trapped finances, leading to the insufficient educational investment. But on the other hand, the input in primary education outweighed the secondary education, ranking the first in China. This has demonstrated that the government has payed much attention to the primary education. Funds derived from various ways. Provincial schools attained money from the provincial financial system, urban ones on their own. On the distribution, the salary of teachers was in the majority, office allowance being the second. In Hubei province, compete primary schools enjoyed a proportionally biggest budget, where teachers are outstanding graduates from normal universities. Teachers in counties and towns are complex and those graduated in normal universities are in minority. In order to manage teachers in a better way, this province prescribed the salary, employment and teaching method in detail. Meanwhile, teachers were evaluated regularly and provided with opportunities of further study. As a whole, masters in provincial primary schools lived a wealthier life than those in counties. The former were affluent relatively while the latter could hardly scraped by. Students, the objective in education, increased in number on the whole. Schools formulated in courses daintily. For the sake of encouraging them to study hard, competitions and quiz games were held. In order to test the performances, graduation examinations could be found.A plan of attempts have been done to promote the primary education of Hubei and initial success has been achieved. It not only reinforced the management in elementary education but also accelerated the development of the one in counties. Deep-rooted changes absented in elementary education in Hubei province as a result of the confused educational administration, the struggle in educational circles and the lack of finances.更多还原