【作者】 黄欢；

【导师】 杨兴华；

【作者基本信息】 广西大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 需要合理性问题是针对需要异化提出的思考,探求的是扬弃需要异化,实现人的需要合理性状态。马克思是在生产实践的视域中探寻这一问题的。在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思明确指出,人的需要是人的本性。马克思所谈的人性并非是形而上学的抽象人性,而是现实的、具体的人性。他从现实的个人出发,提出人既不是绝对理性的存在,也不是直观感性的存在,更不是孤立的存在,而是实践的、处于一定的物质生产条件下与一定的社会关系之中的存在。马克思认为,作为有生命的个人,生存需要是应当首先得到满足的。人的生存需要是推动生产实践的原动力,随着生产力的发展需要会不断丰富,不断向高层次发展,最终实现需要的合乎人性。因此衡量需要合理性的尺度应当在社会历史的发展中界定,即与生产力发展水平相适应、以满足人的生存需要为前提、以合乎人性为最终旨向。马克思对需要合理性问题的思忖本质上是对人的现实生存的深切关怀,他揭露了资本主义社会中需要合理性的丧失境况,源自人本性的需要成为了异己的力量控制着人,需要发生了异化,具体表现为工人基本的生存需要得不到满足与资本家虚假需要的盛行。他进一步指出,需要异化的根源是劳动异化,需要异化蕴含的内在矛盾应当从资本主义生产方式中进行剖析。实现需要合理性的基本条件是生产力的发展、私有制的瓦解、分工的消灭以及真正的共产主义运动。通过人的实践的历史性生成最终扬弃需要异化,实现人性的自由解放与人的全面发展,人将从片面的存在发展为总体性的存在。围绕马克思的需要合理性思想,本文首先从人的本性出发廓清人的需要,然后从人的现实生产实践中界定需要合理性的尺度,厘清需要合理性的内涵,再从资本主义需要合理性丧失的现实中探寻需要异化的根源,以把握需要异化的内在矛盾,最后在生产力发展和现实的共产主义运动中明确扬弃需要异化的基本路途,实现人性的自由解放。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rationality of human needs focuses on the issue of sublating alienated needs by profound consideration for realizing rational needs of human beings. Marx had studied this issue in the vision of production practice. In his Die Deutsch Ideology Marx claimed that human need is human nature. However, his theory of human nature lies in concrete and actuality, not in abstract notion such as absolute ration or perception. By emphasizing practicing, Marx revealed that human relates to society within certain production conditions, while without isolation. Marx’s thoughts on the rationality of human needs carried out in the perspective of historical materialism.As living individuals, the human needs of survival is the first to be met, and is the driving force in promoting production practice. With the development of productivity, human needs gain richness, continuing to reach high level, helping in the final liberation of human nature. Therefore, the scale and yardstick of rational human needs should be defined within the development of social history, such that adapting to the developing level of productive forces, meeting the basic needs of labor survival as a prerequisite, and ultimately aiming at conforming to the human nature.The essence of Marx’s thoughts on the issue of rationality of human needs lies in his profound concerning for human living condition. He revealed the losing condition of rational human needs in capitalism societies. That is, human needs being as the nature of human has become the alien force controlling people itself. The alienation of needs prevails. It is the circumstances that society turns lack in meeting the basic needs of labor survival, while rich in prevailing the false needs among capitalists. He further pointed out that the origin of needs alienation had been of alienation in labor, so that the internal contradiction of needs alienation should be analyzed from the production mode of capitalism. The basic requirements of realizing rationality of human needs including productivity development, collapse of private ownership, elimination of labor division, and authentic communist movement. Through practicing and creating of social history, the realization of liberation and overall development on human nature will be on the way by sublation alienation. Totality will take over the existence of human beings.This article focused on Rationality of human needs in Marx, clearing the concept of human needs from the human nature, then discussing from the social production practice reality for defining the scale of rational needs, clarifying the connotation of rationality, and then based on capitalism exploring root of the needs alienation from the loss of rational need, grasping the inherent contradictions. Finally, from the Communist movement in the development of productivity and the reality, it cleared the basic road of sublating need alienation, aiming at the freedom and liberation of human beings.更多还原