【作者】 张斌；

【导师】 何蒲明； 别友平；

【作者基本信息】 长江大学 ， 农业科技组织与服务， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 我国实施家庭联产承包责任制以来,农户的种粮积极性大幅度提高,“一家一户”的种粮格局在中国的农村出现,一定程度上满足了农户自给自足的需求,但一方面随着中国城镇化步伐的加快,越来越多的农村劳动力转移到了城市,农村土地出现了一定程度上的闲置和撂荒,另一方面自2001年11月中国加入WTO以后,农产品市场收到来自国际上的竞争的挤压,数量和质量的双重考验,中国的种粮结构亟待转型。与此同时,自2004年以来,中国政府连续十三次中央一号文件聚焦“三农”问题,意义之重大不言而喻。中国政府高度重视粮食生产工作,在“十三五”规划编制中明确提出：坚持最严格的耕地保护制度,坚守耕地红线,实施藏粮于地、藏粮于技战略,提高粮食产能,确保谷物基本自给、口粮绝对安全。国家主席习近平也指出：“手中有粮,心中不慌。”保障粮食安全对于我国的发展而言意义重大,粮食绝对安全是其他产业得以发展的前提,需要引起各级各部门尤其是农业生产和管理部门的高度重视,对于农业科技研究者而言,粮食问题也是一个永恒的话题,任何时期都有新的研究点。中国的饭碗必须牢牢端在自己的手上,解决我国国民吃饭问题,必须立足于本国。如此一来,就给予了农村当中种植能手施展的平台和空间,他们也被称之为种粮大户,在中国农村土地集体所有制的大背景下,种粮大户们通过土地流转、承包、租赁或者入股,变一家一户分散经营为成片规模经营,这既增加了自身的经济收入,也为国家的粮食生产和发展作出了巨大的贡献。监利县是湖北省乃至全国有名的产粮大县,被成为中国的“米袋子”,连续多年获得全国粮食生产先进县标兵称号。2015年全县粮食总面积297.3万亩、预计总产152.18万吨,比上年增11.6万亩、增8.76万吨；农产品加工业产值达260亿元,比上年增25亿元、增长10.6%。监利县是名副其实的粮食生产的大军,其种粮大户在市场经济条件下的竞争意识也比较强,形成了抱团发展,依托龙头企业发展的格局。以适应新常态背景下农业生产经营的需求,扶持和培育更多的种粮大户,确保农业生产的可持续和粮食生产的安全。本研究以湖北省荆州市监利县种粮大户为研究对象,围绕影响该地区种粮大户粮食生产经营主要因素,采取调查问卷的形式,针对性地提出产量大县中种粮大户的发展建议,目的在于为各地种粮大户尤其是江汉平原的产量大县农业生产的稳定和发展提供参考和政策依据。本论文研究具体研究内容可分为以下四部分：(1)对种粮大户的发展阶段、特点、种粮大户的作用以及种粮大户当前所面临的困境进行了综述；对我国当前粮食生产和种粮大户发展和壮大的背景作了介绍,对研究主体的发展状况作了简要说明。(2)以荆州市监利县为例,根据当地农业主管部门提供的信息,根据当地农业主管部门提供的种粮大户信息,在全县范围内随机抽取100户种植面积在100亩以上的种粮大户为调查对象,对产粮大县的生产经营现状进行调查和评价。通过对种粮大户的调查,包括种粮大户的个人情况、粮食产量情况、成本投入和收入状况,调查表明,监利县种粮大户的年龄主要以中老年人为主,其中60%的种粮大户的文化程度在初中及以上水平,其知识结构水平基本满足日常农业生产经营和管理的需要。在粮食生产的投入当中,人工成本位居首位,是种粮大户各项开支中的主要部分,其次还包括土地流转费用,购买机械、化肥、种子、农药等费用。种粮大户的人均收入显著高于当地农户的平均水平,其年收入更是高于一般的普通农户,其收入的来源一方面来自于粮食生产,还有一部分是来自于政府的各项补贴,后者也是其进行大规模粮食种植的重要原因。同时选取监利县具有代表性的种粮大户陈书文作为案例展开了研究,得出了种粮大户得以发家致富的有益启示。(3)主要对监利县种粮大户粮食种植面临的主要问题及原因进行了分析。监利县粮食生产面临的主要问题主要表现在：一是种粮大户的生产成本逐年提高。种粮大户在农业生产上的投入和产出比存在不均衡,依靠政府补贴严重,加之农业生产受制于于自然环境,受到自然风险和市场风险的双重挤压形势依然严峻；二是农业环境质量面临挑战。监利县农村面临着化肥污染、农药污染、畜禽养殖污染、秸秆焚烧污染、生活垃圾污染的多重压力,有些农户为了提高粮食的产出率,大幅度、搞频率地使用化肥、农药等,有的甚至使用国家明令禁止的假冒伪劣产品；三是种粮大户的抗灾能力面临考验。基础设施薄弱,仍是制约监利县种粮大户发展的重要因素。国家农业扶持资金投入以后,效益难以显现；四是土地规模经营面临困境。监利县土地确权颁证没有落实,土地流转体系没有形成。民间的土地流转多是口头协议,有序流转已经成为制约监利县种粮大户发展的制度约束；五是涉农资金整合借贷难。种粮大户缺少资本运作经验,不愿意负债,政策支农的导向性和杠杠性发挥不够。另一方面是涉农扶持资金的精准度也存在质疑,在项目的规划设计上是专家的意见多,种粮大户的主体意识少；六是农业科技人员面临断层,农技服务人员呈现年龄老化、身份社会化,待遇得不到保障,导致人员不安心和流失严重,服务于种粮大户和其他新型经营主体的社会化服务人员出现青黄不接,愿意从事农业生产的农户也大幅度减少。产生这些问题的主要原因主要包括制度上的、种粮大户本身以及社会服务层面上还有待改善和加强。(4)基于监利县种粮大户发展、面临的问题的分析,提出产粮大县地区种粮大户发展的对策建议。主要包括：改善政策扶持方式,提高种粮大户收益。支持新种粮大户开展粮食全产业链服务。建立农业货款和农业保险风险补偿机制,鼓励金融产品创新,切实解决种粮大户农村资产、农业设施抵押和土地流转合同质押贷款难问题,拓宽农业政策性保险范围,提高赔付标准；加大农业基础设施建设,促进项目建设高效化。加大对农业基础设施的财政资金投入,确保中省预算内投资的农业基础设施资金发挥效益。农田改造建设与土地规模化流转直接挂钩,农业扶持资金有计划地朝重点区域倾斜；加快土地功能分区,促进规模化、专业化生产。发展多种形式的农业适度规模经营,加快土地依法、自愿、有偿流转；强化金融支农手段,加大金融支持力度。坚持把金融保险作为促进粮食生产的重要保障。对种粮大户等新型经营主体采取实行信用采集和评价制度,创新适应社会需求的金融新品种、适应现代农业要求的贷款新周期和便民式的办理程序；明确农业科技人员身份,提高农技推广人员福利待遇,落实办公经费,加大种粮大户培育和农机培训,促进种粮大户收入较快增长,率先在农村致富,以产业带动发展,也带动周边农户尤其是贫困人口脱贫。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the implementation of the household contract responsibility system, farmers’ enthusiasm for growing grain greatly improved, "a one" of the grain pattern in China’s rural areas there, to some extent to meet the needs of farmers self-sufficient, but with one hand China to accelerate the pace of urbanization, more and more transfer of rural labor to urban, rural and land there has been idle for a certain degree of abandoned on the other hand, since November 2001 China joined the WTO, the international agricultural markets received from double squeeze test, the quantity and quality of competition, China’s grain structure urgent restructuring. At the same time, since 2004, Chinese government thirteen consecutive central document focused "three rural" issues of great significance is self-evident. The Chinese government attaches great importance to food production work in the "Thirteen Five" planning clearly stated:adhere to the most stringent farmland protection system, adhere to the red land, the implementation of storing grain on the ground, storing grain in technology strategy, to increase food production and ensure grain self-sufficiency, rations absolute security. President Xi Jinping also pointed out:"the hands of food, hearts do not panic." To ensure food security for our country’s development is of great significance in terms of food security is an absolute prerequisite to the development of other industries need to attract departments at all levels, especially in agricultural production and attaches great importance to management, agricultural science and technology for researchers, the food problem is an eternal topic, any time there is a new study points. China must firmly end jobs in their own hands to solve the problem of feeding our citizens, we must be based on the country. In this way, it gives them the rural planting platform to display their experts and space, they are also known as large grain, in the Chinese collective ownership of rural land in the background, large grain through their land transfer, contract, lease or shares, a change to a decentralized management scale operation into the film, which not only increase their own income, but also for food production and the development of the country has made tremendous contributions.Jianli County, Hubei Province and the country is well-known grain-producing counties, known as China’s "rice bag" for many years won the national food production advanced county title of model. In 2015 the county’s total grain area of 297.3 hectares, the estimated total production 1,521,800 tons, compared with last year increased 11.6 million mu, increasing 87,600 tons; agro-industrial output value reached 26 billion yuan, 2.5 billion yuan increase over the previous year, an increase of 10.6%. Jianli is a veritable army of food production, its large grain sense of competition in the market economy is also relatively strong, forming a Baotuan development, relying on the pattern of development of leading enterprises. To adapt to the context of the new normal agricultural production and management needs, support and nurture more large grain, agricultural production to ensure sustainable food production and security. In this study, Jianli County, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province large grain for the study, the main factors operating in the region of large grain food production around the impact, in the form of the questionnaire, put forward development proposals yield large counties of large grain, It aims for the rest of the large grain in particular, to provide information and policy basis for the production of Jianghan Plain county agricultural production stability and development. Specific contents of this paper can be divided into the following four parts:(1) the development stage of large grain, features, the role of large grain and seed plight currently facing large grain were reviewed; on the background of the current food production and the development and growth of large grain were presented on development of the research subject briefly described.(2) in Jianli County, Jingzhou City, for example, according to local agricultural department in charge of the information provided, based on large grain information local agricultural departments in charge, within the county planted area of 100 randomly selected in more than 100 acres of grain large for the survey, the status of production and operation of major grain-producing counties in the investigation and evaluation. Through the large grain of the investigation, including the personal circumstances of large grain and food production, the cost of investment and income, the survey showed that the age of Jianli large grain mainly mainly in the elderly,60% of large grain the education level in secondary and higher level, the level of knowledge of the basic structure of agricultural production to meet the needs of daily operation and management. Put them in food production, labor costs among the first, large grain is a major part of the expenditure, followed by further including land transfer fees, purchase of machinery, fertilizers, seeds, pesticides and other expenses. Large grain per capita income is significantly higher than the average level of local farmers, whose annual income is higher than an ordinary farmer, the source of income from food production on the one hand, there is a part of the subsidy from the government, the latter is also an important reason for its large-scale food cultivation. Jianli County representative also select large grain Chen Shuwen started as a case study, obtained large grain to get rich Lessons Learned.(3) of the main issues and the main reason Jianli large grain grain planting faced analyzed. The main problem facing food production Jianli main features:First, large grain production costs increase year by year. Large grain production in agricultural input and output ratio imbalance exists, relying on a serious government subsidies, coupled with the agricultural production is subject to the natural environment, natural and market risks being squeezed situation is still grim; the second is the quality of agricultural environment face the challenge. Jianli rural facing fertilizer pollution, pesticide pollution, livestock pollution, multiple pressures straw burning pollution, solid waste pollution, some farmers in order to increase grain yield, significantly, to engage in the frequency of use of fertilizers and pesticides, there and even the use of prohibited by the state of fake and shoddy products; Third, large grain of resilience to the test. Weak infrastructure, is still an important factor restricting the Jianli species large grain development. After the agricultural support capital investment, efficiency is difficult to perceive; Fourth, large-scale land operation face difficulties. Jianli land ownership certification is not implemented, land transfer system is not formed. Land Transfer folk mostly verbal agreement, orderly transfer of species has become a constraining institutional constraints Jianli large grain development; Fifth, the integration of agriculture-related funds borrowing difficult. Large grain lacks experience in capital operation, unwilling liabilities, policy-oriented agriculture and leverage of the play is not enough. On the other hand agriculture-related funds to support the accuracy there are doubts in the planning and design of the project is on expert advice, but few large grain of consciousness; Sixth, agricultural science and technology personnel faced fault, agricultural service rendered aging, identity socialization, benefits are not protected, peace of mind and do not result in serious loss of services in the large grain and other new business entities social services staff appeared lean, willing to engage in agricultural production, farmers are also significantly reduced. The main reason for these problems include institutional, the large grain itself and the level of social services to be improved and strengthened.(4) Based on issue Jianli large grain development, facing the analysis put forward suggestions grain-producing counties area large grain development. Including: improved policy support ways to improve the large grain revenue. Support to carry out new large grain grain whole industry chain service. The establishment of agricultural loans and agricultural insurance risk compensation mechanism to encourage financial innovation, and effectively solve the large grain rural assets, agricultural facilities and land transfer contract mortgage as security for loans difficult problem, agricultural policy to broaden the coverage and improve the payment standard; increase agricultural infrastructure infrastructure construction, promote the efficiency of the project. Spending on agricultural infrastructure, financial investment to ensure that agricultural infrastructure investment funds in the provincial budget to play a benefit. Transformation of farmland and construction of large-scale transfer of land directly linked to agriculture support funds in a planned way inclined towards key areas; speed up the land function zoning to promote large-scale and specialized production. Development of various forms of appropriate scale management of agriculture, speed up the land law, voluntary, paid circulation; strengthen the financial means to support agriculture, increase financial support. Adhere to the finance and insurance as an important guarantee for food production. For new business entities to take the implementation of large grain and other credit collection and evaluation system, financial innovation to adapt to new varieties of social needs, to adapt to the requirements of modern agriculture and the new cycle of the loan convenience-style handling procedures; clear identity agricultural science and technology personnel, improve agricultural extension personnel benefits, the implementation of office expenses, increased cultivation of large grain and agricultural training, to promote the rapid growth of large grain revenue, the first in the rural rich, to promote the development of industry, also led to the surrounding farmers, especially poor people out of poverty.更多还原