【作者】 王伟；

【导师】 潘思轶；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 食品科学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 柑橘是世界第一大宗水果,早在2005年全球产量就超过一亿吨,在柑橘的生产加工中会产生大量的果皮,约占鲜重的40%-50%。传统加工业将这些果皮直接掩埋或者加工成动物饲料。果皮极易发霉发臭,对环境造成污染,而加工成动物饲料,附加值有限,并需耗费大量能源,经济社会价值不高。因此,对柑橘果皮进行综合利用研究,十分必要,既能提高柑橘加工产业的经济效益,同时也是重要的环保举措。本课题主要从制备粉体角度入手,通过制备工艺的摸索及优化制得超微粉体,然后对所得到粉体相关性质进行研究,重点探讨了不同粒径下超微粉体的性质及整体气味变化的差异。论文的探讨和研究对柑橘果皮用于食品、药品的加工等领域具有一定的理论意义与应用价值。研究的内容与结果如下：1.干燥方式对制备果皮全粉影响的研究选用温州蜜柑果皮、柠檬果皮以及锦橙果皮为原料,分别运用常压干燥、真空干燥、真空冷冻干燥三种方式干燥果皮,然后进行超微粉碎制得粉体。使用激光粒度仪测定粉体的粒度分布,运用理化方法测定持水力、持油力、色度值等指标,运用高效液相色谱法测定不同干燥方式处理下粉体中苦味物质的含量以及不同干燥方式的耗能情况,结果得到采用常压干燥处理得到的粉体粒度分布较优,理化指标较佳,粉体中苦味物质含量最少且耗能最低,适合工业化生产。2.粉碎方式对制备果皮全粉影响的研究在常压干燥下,分别选用万能粉碎机、球磨机、超离心研磨仪三种粉碎方式对果皮进行粉碎,运用激光粒度仪测定粉体的粒度分布情况,发现球磨机粉碎得到的粉体粒度分布最佳,粉体粒径较小。但球磨过程较长,耗能巨大,而且会产生巨大噪音污染,而超离心研磨具有粉碎时间短(通常几十秒),噪音较小,且可重复粉碎。因此,考虑到实际应用,尝试对超离心研磨工艺进行摸索,以获得到最佳的粉碎工艺,达到最佳的粉碎效果。在单因素实验基础上,通过三因素三水平的Box-Behnken响应面实验设计,借助Minitab15统计软件,对粉体超离心研磨工艺进行优化,得到比表面积对粗粉粒径、转速、粉碎次数的二次多项回归拟合方程：Y=0.215727-0.012X1+0.0054X2-0.0006X3-0.010818X12-0.007818X22-0.015818X 32-0.003750X1X2-0.01875X1X3+0.00725X2X3。确定最佳粉碎工艺为粗粉粒径选择60～80目,转速为16000r/min,粉碎次数为3次。将优化后超离心研磨制得粉体与球磨得到粉体运用激光粒度仪进行粒度分析,采用理化方法对持水力、持油力、色度值、溶解性、膨胀性、起泡性、泡沫稳定性进行测定比较,发现两种粉体性质较接近,优化达到理想效果。3.不同粒径果皮全粉粉体性质研究运用前两章工艺制得粉体,运用分级筛将粉体分为250目、200目、140目三种不同粒径。运用理化方法测定其休止角、松密度、振实密度来反映不同粒径粉体的流动性与填充性。得出超微粉体比普通粉体具有更好的流动性、填充性。运用理化方法测定不同粒径粉体的吸湿特性,得出超微粉的吸湿时间大于普通粉,且超微粉的加工过程应在严格干燥的条件下进行。通过对不同粒径粉体中活性成分-总黄酮的分析,发现一定程度的微粉化有助于活性成分的溶出,但微粉过细后,又会阻碍活性成分的溶出,使得含量下降。4.不同粒径对粉体香气变化的影响采用电子鼻对不同粒径蜜柑果皮全粉、不同粒径柠檬果皮全粉进行香气的比较与识别,探讨电子鼻对不同粒径粉体香气辨别的灵敏度。结果表明,气味指纹分析仪(电子鼻)能够准确区分不同粒径果皮粉体的整体气味,并能以3D立体方式反映出不同粒径粉体香气在三维空间的聚类分布。更多还原

【Abstract】 Citrus is the world’s first large fruit, more than one hundred million tons of the global output as early as 2005, in the production processing of orange will produce a lot of pericarp, representing approximately 40%-50% of the fresh weight. Pericarp directly buried or processed into animal feed in traditional processing industry. The pericarp can easily mildew smell and cause the environmental pollution. If processed into animal feed, additional value is limited and need to consume a lot of energy, the economic and social value is not enough. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensive utilization of citrus peel, not only can improve the economic efficiency of citrus processing industry, also is an important environmental initiatives.The paper mainly from the perspective of powder preparation, obtained superfine powder by the preparation process of exploration and optimization, and study on the properties of the superfine powder,focus on the difference of the properties and overall smell changes of the superfine powder in different sizes. The discussion and the research has some theoretical significance and application value of food, medicine processing and other fields for citrus peel. The content and results of the study are as follows:1. Study on effect of drying methods on the peel powder preparationSelection of Mandarin orange peel, lemon peel and Jincheng orange peel as raw material, drying the orange peel by use of ambient pressure drying, vacuum drying, vacuum freeze drying, then make preparation of powder by ultrafine grinding. Determination of particle size distribution of the powder by using laser particle size analyzer, determination of water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, chroma value and other indicators by using of physical and chemical methods, determination of the content of bitter substances in powder by different drying methods treatment by using high performance liquid chromatography and the energy consumption by using different drying methods. The results are powder particle size distribution is better, physical-chemical indicators are better, the content of bitter substances are least and energy consumption is the lowest by using ambient pressure drying, the drying method is suitable for application of industrial production.2. Study on effect of crushing methods on the peel powder preparationAt ambient pressure in drying condition, select universal grinder, ball mill, ultra centrifugal grinding apparatus to crush orange peel respectively, Determination of particle size distribution of the powder by using laser particle size analyzer, we found that the particle size distribution is better and powder particle size is smaller by using ball mill. However, the milling process is longer, the energy consumption is huge, and will make a tremendous noise pollution. Therefore, consider of the actual application, we attempt to explore the centrifugal grinding process, to get the best crushing process, finally to achieve the best crushing effect.On the basis of single factor experiment, the ultra centrifugation grinding process optimized by Box-Behnken experiment design and response surface methodology analysis applying Minitab 15 statistical software, the models based on quadratic polynomial regression equations of Specific surface area that affected by coarse powder particle size, rotate speed, grinding times were carried out:Y=0.215727-0.012X1+0.0054X2-0.0006X3-0.010818X12-0.007818X22-0.015818X 32-0.003750XiX2-0.01875XiX3+0.00725X2X3.The optimum processing parameters was:coarse powder particle size 60-80 mesh, rotated speed 16000 r/min, grinding 3 times.Analyze the powder obtained by optimized ultra centrifugal grinding and ball milling by laser particle size analyzer, compare and determination the water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, the chroma value, solubility, swelling, foaming, foam stability of the powder by physical-chemical methods, we found that the properties of two kinds of powders are closely, the optimization achieve the desired effect.3. Study on powder properties with different particle sizePreparation of powders based on the process of chapter 2 and 3, divided the powders into 250 mesh,200mesh,140mesh by using grading sieve. Using physicochemical method for the determination of the angle of reponse, bulk density, tap density to reflect the liquidity and filling of the powders. We found that the fluidity and filling of the superfine powder is better than that of ordinary powder.Determination of moisture absorption properties of powders with different particle size by physicochemical method, we got the conclusion that the moisture absorption time is longer than ordinary powder and the processing procedure of superfine powder should be carried out with strictly dry condition.Based on the analysis on active ingredient-total flavonoids of powders with different particle size, we found that micronized to certain extent contribute to the dissolution of the active ingredient, however, if micronized too fine, it will impede the dissolution of the active ingredient, the content decreased.4. The effect of particle size on powder flavor changesMake comparison and recognition of the aroma from mandarin orange peel powder and lemon peel powder with different particle size by using electronic nose, explore the sensitivity of the electronic nose to distinguish the aroma from powder with different particle size. The results show that the odor fingerprint analyzer can accurately distinguish the smell of peel powder with different particle size, and it can reflect the three-dimensional space clustering distribution of powder with different particle size by 3D stereo.更多还原