【作者】 李萍；

【导师】 张莉；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 苏珊·桑塔格(1933-2004)是美国颇具影响力的文学家、艺术评论家,被誉为当代西方最重要的女知识分子之一。《在美国》(1999)是桑塔格的最后一部长篇小说,为其赢得了2000年美国国家图书奖。《在美国》以波兰著名女演员海伦娜·莫杰耶夫斯卡为人物原型,讲述玛琳娜如何在事业如日中天之际选择隐退并毅然与众多追随者前往美国,经历了种种生活尝试,包括在偏远山村建立乌托邦社区以及最终登上美国舞台重新开始演艺之路的故事。作为小说的女主人公,自始至终,玛琳娜都展现出了不同于传统女性的姿态,她拒绝“沉默”,努力发出自己的声音,彰显了女性的自我意识。这种女性意识的彰显在小说中突出表现为一系列叙事手法和叙事技巧的运用。因此,本文在借鉴前期研究成果的基础上,借助兰瑟女性主义叙事理论,通过对作品叙事艺术的分析,探讨《在美国》中女性叙事权威的构建,挖掘桑塔格对于颠覆男性叙事传统所作的努力。除了引言和结论,论文包括五章。引言简要介绍了小说作者桑塔格与《在美国》的主要内容以及国内外研究综述。第一章介绍了论文所运用到的理论框架,即热奈特与兰瑟的叙事理论。主要是对热奈特《叙事话语》中叙事聚焦、时间及兰瑟《虚构的权威-女性作家与叙事声音》中叙事声音的相关论述。第二章分析了《在美国》中的叙事聚焦,从零聚焦、内聚焦两个方面凸显桑塔格对于女性话语权利的推崇。第三章探析《在美国》中的叙述时间,从叙事中的时序、时距、频率对叙述节奏的影响等方面论及作者建构女性叙事权威的渐进式发展。第四章聚焦于小说叙述声音,分析小说中作者如何通过对声音的变化与调整,进而达到颠覆男性话语权威、凸显女性声音的目的。第五章在探讨桑塔格个人女性主义观的基础上,分析作者建构女性叙事权威的意义。基于以上分析,本文得出结论：在小说《在美国》中,桑塔格通过一系列叙事手段的运用,强化了女性话语,建构了女性叙事权威,塑造了全新的女性形象。这一形象的塑造有重要的现实意义：既表现出桑塔格本人的女性主义思想和她对男女平等这一普世价值的追求,也反映出20世纪后半叶随着女性主义运动的深入发展,女性作家对平等话语权的重视和追求。更多还原

【Abstract】 Susan Sontag (1933-2004) is an influential writer and critic in contemporary America and is considered as one of the most important female intellectuals in western world. In America (1999) is the last published novel during Sontag’s lifetime and wins her the 2000 American National Book Award.The main female character in In America is modeled on the real story of the great polish actress Helena Modrzejewska. It tells how Marina chooses to retire at the peak of her career and resolutely moves to America with a group of followers. In America, Marina experiences a lot, such as building a Utopian community in a remote American village and finally returning to American stage to restart her career. As the heroine of the novel, Marina shows her difference from traditional women throughout the whole story. Instead of being a traditional woman who is always voiceless, Marina tries her best to makes her voice heard, from which her self-consciousness as a female is well demonstrated. Meanwhile, in virtue of a series of narrative methods and skills in In America, her female consciousness is manifested profoundly. Based on previous researches and with the help of Lanser’s feminist narrative theory, this thesis aims at deepening the understanding of the narrative art in In America, analyzing the construction of female narrative authority and exploring Sontag’s efforts in deconstructing male narrative authority.In addition to Introduction and Conclusion, this thesis includes five chapters.Introduction gives an outline of Susan Sontag and In America as well as the literature review.Chapter One is a general introduction to the theoretical framework applied in this thesis, which is Genette and Lanser’s narrative theory. It mainly consists of the related exposition of narrative focalization and narrative time in Genette’s Narrative Discourse as well as narrative voice in Lanser’s Fictions of Authority:Women Writers and Narrative Voice.Chapter Two analyzes narrative focalization in this novel. It discusses Sontag’s efforts in constructing female narrative authority mainly from the perspective of nonfocalized narrative and internal focalization.Chapter Three makes an analysis of narrative time in In America. It emphasizes the effect of order, frequency and duration in changing narrative tempo. The progressive development of the construction of female narrative authority is revealed.Chapter Four focuses on narrative voice, exploring how Sontag makes changes and adjustments of narrative voice to subvert the authority of male discourse and highlighting female voice as well.Chapter Five elaborates on Sontag’s viewpoint of feminism and explores the significance of the construction of female narrative authority.Based on the above analysis, the author of this thesis draws a conclusion:in the novel In America, by the application of a series of narrative means, Sontag succeeds in strengthening female discourse, constructing female narrative authority and creating a new female image. The characterization of the new image obtains important practical meanings:it not only shows Sontag’s view of feminism and her pursuit of the universal value of gender equality, but also reflects female writers’urgent call for the equal right of discourse during the thorough development of feminist movement in the latter half of the 20th century.更多还原