【作者】 孙鹏；

【导师】 杨加深；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国史， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 在我国古代历史中,间谍作为一个特殊的群体,在敌对国家和政治势力之间制定外交方针、国家政策等方面,特别是在军事行动中发挥着重要的作用。当前学术界对春秋战国时期兵家的研究十分重视,然而对该时期间谍理论和间谍类型的研究未脱《孙子兵法·用间篇》的窠臼。间谍并不是简单存在于军事战争中,也并非单纯地为军事活动服务,其最终目的是服务于国家的政治层面。同时,间谍人员的构成较为复杂,除了军队中的专业人员以及军事将领外,其他社会层次的人员也多参与其间。因此,对春秋战国时期间谍的整体研究就具有重要的意义。本文针对前人研究的不足,从间谍人员的身份属性入手,对这一时期从事间谍活动的人员进行分类,继而根据相关文献的记载,对间谍的使用、用间的原则、手段和技术进行讨论,力求更为全面概括该时期有关间谍的理论及应用特点。全文分为五大部分。第一部分为绪论,主要介绍选题缘由,对我国古代相关史籍中关于间谍的理论进行学术史的回顾,梳理出间谍理论在古代发展的基本脉络。介绍当前研究的成果和不足,阐明本文的创新之处和研究方法。第二部分讨论间谍的起源问题,从对间谍二字的释义入手,指出在我国古代的典籍中“间”与“谍”的区别与联系,接着介绍了春秋战国时期之前关于间谍的记载,进而界定这一时期“间谍”的定义。第三部分首先阐述在春秋战国时期间谍的理论和实践发展的原因,指出这种发展与该时期社会变迁之间的关系。介绍该时期有关间谍的职官和机构概况。该部分重点在于根据间谍人员的身份属性对该时期的间谍进行分类,指出这种分类与《孙子兵法》中分类的异同,继而通过部分史例,论证这些不同类别的间谍具体产生的作用。第四部分主要讨论使用间谍方面的问题。根据相关史料和案例,阐明用间过程中需要注意的原则和用间的部分手段。另外,对于该时期情报的传递方式进行了介绍,并概括讨论了在该时期“用间”呈现出来的特点。最后一部分是结语,主要阐述了研究该时期间谍具有的理论与现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 In Chinese ancient history, the spy as a special group in the hostile states and between the political power of diplomacy, policy formulation, especially has a very important position in the military action. Present academia attaches great importance to research on military commander in the Spring autumn and Warring States Period, but in this period research can’t break off the limitations of theMaster Sun’s Art of War. Spy is not simply to exist in the military war, also is not a simple service for military activities, the final purpose is to serve the national political level. At the same time, the composition of spies is relatively complex, in addition to professionals and military generals in the army, other social levels of personnel involved. As a result, the overall study on spy has the vital significance in the Spring autumn and Warring States Period.In this paper, aiming at the shortcomings of the previous studies, from the aspect of the character of the identity of the spies, for this period of spying character classification, and then according to the relevant literature on the use of the spy, in principle, method and technology are discussed, aiming at a more comprehensive on the basis of summarizing about the theory and application characteristics of spy during this period. The full text is divided into five most.The first part is introduction, mainly introduces selected topic reason, to our country ancient related history books about the content of the spy in a review of the academic history, comb a spy theory in the context of ancient development. Introduce the current research achievements and the insufficiency, expounds the innovation of this article and research methods.The second part discuss the origin of the spy from the spy the definition of the word, pointed out that in our country ancient texts about the spy, then introduces the relevant records, before the Spring autumn and Warring States Period and the warring states period China’s spy to spy the definition of this period are obtained. Lay a foundation for classifying the spy.The third part expounds why first spy in the Spring autumn and Warring States Period and the warring states period of the development of the theory and practice, points out the relationship between development and social changes during this period. Then introduces general situation of the official systems and institutions, the spy during this period. This part focuses on attributes according to the identity of the spies classifying spy during this period, points out that this kind of classification and classification of Master Sun’s Art of Warof similarities and differences, and then through the part of case history, shows how the different types of spyware.The fourth part mainly discuss use spyware problems. According to relevant historical data and cases, need to pay attention to in the process of using spyin the principle and method. In addition, for this period the intelligence transmission way are introduced. In the end, is summarized in this period the characteristic of "using spy".The last part is epilogue, mainly introduces the meaning of research spy theory in this period.更多还原