【作者】 罗茜；

【导师】 蒋欣欣；

【作者基本信息】 湘潭大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 《日诞之地》是当代美国印第安作家纳瓦雷?斯科特?莫马迪的成名作,小说一经出版便得到了批评界的高度赞扬,曾于1969年获得美国普利策小说奖。《日诞之地》开启了美国印第安文学的复兴之路,对美国当代印第安作家产生深远影响。该小说的主人公阿韦尔是一名参加过二战的受害者,全文以他的记忆为线索,展现了他所亲历的两个世界,即保留地的印第安传统世界和保留地之外的现代白人世界。小说通过阿韦尔在不同世界的空间转换,展现了他身上所承载的集体记忆轨迹,从而反映出他因空间流动带来的身份认同的不稳定性。本文拟借用列斐伏尔的空间理论,探究在不同的空间层次,以阿韦尔为代表的印第安人的集体记忆轨迹。空间可以产生意义,它具有人文性、社会性和历史性等意义。论文中的集体记忆是指阿韦尔和其他印第安人在保留地形成的记忆,主要涉及印第安民族传统文化、思想和历史。同时这种集体记忆依附诸实物和各种集体活动才得以保存和强化,并在个人与群体的互动和交往中得以建构,因此集体记忆具有很强的社会性,这与空间理论对于社会性的强调不谋而合,使得二者有了结合的前提和基础。本文共分为三章。第一章讨论阿韦尔在保留地集体记忆得以积累的过程。阿韦尔通过在外祖父的家中进行记忆整合、在捕鹰屋和胞族成员回顾历史、在中殿将部落过去现实化,逐步积累了氏族、胞族和族群记忆。氏族、胞族和族群作为印第安民族的三层社会组织,有关它们的记忆共同构成了阿韦尔心中保留地的集体记忆。集体记忆的积累说明阿韦尔的集体记忆深深依附于保留地,同时空间和记忆的稳定性也让他的身份得以依托,记忆和空间得以成为他定义自我的关键因素。第二章探究阿韦尔的保留地集体记忆在白人世界的消退。战争后的失语、牢房监禁后的记忆模糊以及记忆压制是阿韦尔集体记忆消退的三种症状。阿韦尔的集体记忆消退主要是因为白人权力导致他与保留地空间分离,他从集体记忆获取的身份认同也因此失去根基。说明空间的流动导致集体记忆的不确定性,揭示了印第安人在白人世界寻找存在却失意的现象。第三章分析阿韦尔集体记忆的重唤。在白人世界受挫的阿韦尔回归保留地,在印第安传统精神空间的体验中,阿韦尔逐步获得地域感,记忆意识和集体意识,重拾内心零星的集体记忆。阿韦尔重拾集体记忆的过程说明重新回归保留地让他在自己的文化体系中获得了集体的归属感和安全感,因空间流动所带来的记忆和身份的不确定性也得以化解。本文通过探讨阿韦尔的集体记忆在空间中的记忆轨迹,认为集体记忆是印第安人获取自身独特性的源泉。阿韦尔的集体记忆在空间上以保留地为起点和终点,这使得他能在保留地的空间体验中回顾过去,从中获得群体归属感和自我认同。《日诞之地》指出了在以白人文化为主流的背景下保存印第安集体记忆的重要性,同时它也传达了作者对当代印第安人坚守保留地的希望。更多还原

【Abstract】 House Made of Dawn is the masterpiece of contemporary Native American writer N.Scott Momaday, and has been highly recognized by the critics. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1969. House Made of Dawn has opened the beginning of Native American’s literature renaissance and has a profound impact on the contemporary Native American writers. The protagonist Abel in the novel is a victim of the Second World War.With the Abel’s memory as clue, the novel exhibits two worlds which he has experienced,namely, the traditional Indian world in the reservation and the white world outside the reservation. Through Abel’s transference in different spaces, it has been shown the track of collective memory imprinted in his mind and reflected the identity uncertainty for the space mobility.This thesis applies the spatial theory to analyze the Native American’s collective memory track in different spaces, and it takes Abel as a representative of contemporary Indians. Space produces meaning, and it possesses the inherent meaning in society, culture and history. The collective memory in the thesis mainly refers to the memory that Abel and other Indians form in the reservation, and relates to the Indian traditional culture, thought and history. At the same time, it is the attachment to various objects and group activities that the collective memory can be preserved and strengthened. And the collective memory is constructed in the process of the interaction and communication between individuals and groups. Therefore, the collective memory owns powerful sociality which is in accord with the space’s sociality, and it makes the two have the premise and foundation in combination.This thesis includes three parts. The first chapter analyzes the collective memory accumulation process in the reservation land. The Abel’s memories integration in grandfather’s house, historical retrospection in eagle-hunting house and past realization with clan members in the Middle shape the gen, curia and tribal collective memory. Gen, curia and tribe are the social organizations of Native America, whose memory accumulation constitutes Abel’s reservation collective memory in his mind. It exhibits that the collective memory is deeply attached to the reservation land, and the stability of space and memory enables Abel’s identity to rely on it. Therefore, memory and space have become the key factors in verifyinghis identity.Chapter two focuses on Abel’s reservation collective memory decay in the white world.Inarticulateness after war, memory vagueness from prison confinement and memory repression are the performances of collective memory decay. Abel’s collective memory decay is mainly due to his separation of the reservation space under the white power, and the identity obtained from the collective memory loses its root. It reflects that the uncertainty of the collective memory is the result of space mobility, and uncovers the phenomenon that the failure of those Indians who want to search for existence.Chapter three centers on the recalling process of Abel’s reservation collective memory.The frustrated Abel in the white society returns to the reservation, and regains sense of place,consciousness of memory and collective consciousness through the experiences of Indian traditional mental activities, and recalls the scattered collective memories. His reintegration to his tribe in mentality suggests that Abel obtains sense of belonging and safety in returning to the reservation. And the uncertainty of collective memory and identity brought by space movement are resolved in his returning to the reservation.Through the analysis of the protagonist’s collective memory track in space, this thesis argues that collective memory is crucial for Native Americans to obtain their distinctiveness.The spatial experience of Abel starts and ends in the reservation, which makes it possible for Abel to retrospect history and acquire collective sense of belonging and identity in reservation spatial practice. House Made of Dawn displays the importance of keeping collective memory under the background of white-dominated culture, and expresses the writer’s hope that Indian should stay in the reservation.更多还原