【作者】 杨龙；

【导师】 熊康宁； 肖时珍； 陈永毕；

【作者基本信息】 贵州师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 喀斯特地区进行石漠化治理不仅可以有效地控制甚至扭转石漠化生态系统逆演化过程,还可以获得碳汇效益,逐步提高喀斯特石漠化地区陆地生态系统碳储量和岩溶作用溶蚀量,促进区域社会、经济和生态的协调持续发展。通过选取两个具有典型代表性的毕节撒拉溪喀斯特高原山地潜在-轻度石漠化治理示范区和关岭-贞丰花江喀斯特高原峡谷中度-强度石漠化治理示范区为研究对象,以碳循环理论和生态调节税费政策等理论为理论依据,将2014-2015年在贵州师范大学贵州省山地环境重点实验室做的土壤有机碳、氮、磷、有机质等土壤相关数据与两个示范区进行的植被层生物量、地下溶蚀量等野外监测数据结合,构建了两个具有典型代表性与可推广性的增汇型石漠化治理模式,并初步估算了两个示范区各碳库碳储量及石漠化治理的碳汇效益,分析了不同石漠化阶段地下溶蚀量、溶蚀速率、植被层碳储量以及土壤有机碳的变化及其影响因素,此外还针对不同石漠化治理模式分析了不同模式之间在碳汇效益方面的差异与原因。1石漠化治理能有效提高岩溶系统地下溶蚀量和溶蚀速率。由潜在石漠化到强度石漠化,随着石漠化的发展,地下溶蚀速率和溶蚀量在水平方向和垂直方向都呈现出一定的规律性,由强度石漠化→中度石漠化地区→轻度石漠化→潜在石漠化,地下溶蚀速率均和溶蚀量均呈现出下降的趋势,而这种表现在轻度石漠化和潜在石漠化地区更为明显,其溶蚀速率约为强度石漠化和中度石漠化的2.5倍和5.5倍,在垂直变化上,由-5cm到-50cm土壤深度之间的变化幅度约为14%。对监测结果的分析充分说明石漠化地区地下溶蚀速率和溶蚀量都会随着石漠化的发展,出现随着石漠化发展而呈现降低的趋势,不同等级石漠化之间和同一等级石漠化不同地区之间又有着不同程度的变化,具体变化程度又因为不同的石漠化治理模式以及自然背景条件而不同。2石漠化治理可以通过提高石漠化地区生态系统碳储量带来碳汇效益。植物群落在不同演替阶段植被层的生物量与碳储量有着较大的差异,花江示范区草坡、灌丛、灌木林、经果林、林地的平均碳储量分别为0.67t/hm2、1.86t/hm2、5.49t/hm2、3.24t/hm2、13.58t/hm2,撒拉溪示范区草坡、灌丛、灌木林、经果林、林地的平均碳储量则为0.89t/hm2、3.69t/hm2、1.97t/hm2、8.43t/hm2、30.15t/hm2,两者均呈现出随着植物群落向顶级的演替,地表植被的碳汇量也呈现明显增加的趋势。不同植被类型土壤有机碳密度在时空分布上存在着乔木林>灌木林>灌丛>裸地的规律,乔木林土壤有机碳密度约为灌木林、草丛和裸地的1.34倍、2.57倍和3.52倍。随着石漠化的加剧,土壤有机碳密度均呈下降趋势,其中潜在石漠化阶段与轻度石漠化阶段差异显著,且各石漠化阶段间差异十分明显。两个示范区土壤碳密度在水平分布上均显示出由潜在石漠化向强度石漠化降低的趋势,这一趋势在花江示范区更为显著;在垂直分布上呈现出由表层土壤向深层土壤递减的规律。3基本形成了生态经济型与混农林业复合经营型两大增汇型石漠化治理生态修复模式。根据喀斯特地区独特的地域结构与生态环境特征,结合两个石漠化治理示范区的实际情况,研究发现花江示范区的“生态经济型模式”和撒拉溪示范区的“混农林业复合经营模式”可以带来较好的经济效益和生态效益,由于该模式初步形成了“经济乔木林-灌木林-牧草-粮食作物-生态养殖”有机结合的立体的、生态的和增汇的石漠化治理模式,有效利用水、土、光、热等资源,增加土地的投入产出比和生物多样性、植被覆盖和碳储量,有效防治水土流失。在实现生态效益的同时通过生态养殖、经果林、中药材种植等创收途径实现了一定的经济收入。整个模式是一个低碳、高效、绿色的可持续发展系统,既有生态效益,也有经济效益。4喀斯特石漠化治理的碳汇效益与生态补偿效益明显,在石漠化地区进行生态修复型石漠化治理具有固碳潜力。根据对生态系统碳汇与岩溶碳汇的监测结果分析表明,不同土地利用方式和石漠化等级的土壤、岩溶和植被之间的碳汇效益也不尽相同。在各碳库碳储量比例方面,土壤碳库碳储量最高,占有绝对比例,但因地区间石漠化发展阶段与土地利用方式不同,各碳库的固碳能力水平存在差异;从区域总固碳能力方面比较得出,花江示范区单位面积总固碳量小于撒拉溪示范区;石漠化阶段由强度演变到中度,中度演变到轻度,轻度演变为潜在,单位土地固碳能力分别提高了26.7%、51.4%和22.9%,这充分说明石漠化治理对提高区域土地固碳能力水平的显著作用。两个示范区碳汇效益转换为经济价值的生态效益总和为4.11×108-5.92×108元,其中花江示范区为1.64×108-2.43×108元,撒拉溪示范区为2.37×108-3.49×108元;花江示范区和撒拉溪示范区单位面积生态补偿效益分别为1.67×104-2.53×104元/hm2和6.97×104-9.91×104元/hm2,通过计算石漠化生态修复的固碳减排效应,将生态效益兑现为经济价值,可计算得出研究区生态修复的碳汇最优效益,为石漠化后期治理争取补偿资金。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, dominated by CO2 emissions of greenhouse gases caused by global warming and other global environmental issues have been widespread concern of the government and the academic circles of all countries and regions in the world. As a response to global warming, reducing the source sink enhancement has become the focus of academic research at home and abroad, but also become the domestic and foreign many ecological construction project is one of the main goals, which endows the karst rocky desertification many deeper practical significance. Rocky desertification control can not only obtain carbon sequestration benefits, also effectively control and even reverse the rocky desertification ecosystem inverse evolution process in the karst rocky desertification area. The different degree of rocky desertification of land has been effectively restored, and the vegetation restoration, soil and water conservation, soil improvement mechanism and gradually improve the stone desertification ecosystem carbon storage and karst dissolution amount, promote the regional society, the coordination of economic and ecological sustainable development.Two typical demonstration areas Salaxi and Huajiang are choosing as the research object. The carbon cycle theory and ecological regulation tax policy theory as theoretical basis.Through the data what monitored by key laboratory of mountain environment of Guizhou Province in 2014 to 2015 at the Guizhou Normal University. The data include soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter content of vegetation layer of biological soil related and so on. Construct two typical and extension of the sink type of rocky desertification governance model, and estimated the governance of two demonstration areas each carbon storage and carbon sequestration of rocky desertification, analyzes the different rocky desertification stage underground erosion, erosion rate, vegetation carbon reserves and the change of soil organic carbon and its influencing factors. In addition, the differences and reasons in the different models are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn:1 Rocky desertification control can effectively improve the underground corrosion and dissolution rate of karst system. By potential rocky to rocky desertification strength, with the development of rocky desertification, underground corrosion rate and corrosion rate in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction presents certain regularity, by the strength of Rocky desertification →moderate→light→potential rocky desertification area, underground dissolution rate and the corrosion rate were showed downward trend, which is obvious in light rocky desertification and potential rocky desertification area. The dissolution rate is about 2.5 and 5.5 times of the strength of rocky desertification and moderate rocky desertification, In the vertical change. The variation range of soil depth from-5cm to-50 cm was about 14 %. The monitoring results analysis shows that underground corrosion and erosion rate of rocky desertification area appeared decreasing trend with the development of rocky desertification, between different grades of rocky desertification and the same grade of rocky desertification of between different regions and different degrees of changes, specifically the degree of change because of different rocky desertification control mode and natural background conditions.2 Rocky desertification control can bring the benefits of carbon sequestration by improving the ecosystem carbon storage in rocky desertification area. Biomass and carbon storage is difference at different succession stages of vegetation layer of plant communities. Huajiang demonstration area grass slope, shrub, shrub forest, economic forest, the average carbon storage of forest is 0.67t/hm2, 1.86t/hm2、5.49t/hm2、3.24 t/hm2、13.58t/hm2 respectively. Salaxi is 0.89t/hm2, 3.69t/hm, 1.97t/hm2, 8.43t/hm2, 30.15t/hm2 respectively. Both show that with the plant community to the top of the succession, the amount of carbon sequestration of the surface vegetation also showed a significant increase in the trend.Different vegetation types of soil organic carbon density distribution in space and time exist rules of arbor forest > shrub forest > shrub > bare land, bare soil organic carbon density minimum, arbor forest soil organic carbon density is 1.34 times of shrub forest, 2.57 and 3.52 times of bare land. The variation of soil organic carbon density of soil carbon storage have significant effect, with the aggravation of the rocky desertification, soil organic carbon density showed downward trend, the potential rocky desertification stage and light rocky desertification stage, significant differences in each stage of rocky desertification is obvious. Soil organic carbon density in the horizontal distribution showed by potential rocky of reduce the intensity of desertification to trend in Salaxi and Huajiang demonstration areas, but this trend is more obvious in Huajiang demonstration area. In the vertical distribution of showing the law of diminishing from surface soil to deep soil.soil organic carbon density of surface soil(0-20cm) in potential rocky desertification area is 2.14 and 3.61 times of moderate and strength rocky desertification. Therefore, soil organic carbon density spatial differentiation in karst rocky desertification region in succession stages showed obvious. Furthermore, niche of soil organic carbon distribution produced certain effect. In addition, the niche has a certain effect on the distribution of organic carbon in soil, and the density of organic carbon in conventional soil(NS) is 1.627-7.389kg/m2. The soil surface(EF) and pit(SP) organic carbon content in soil were changed in1.584-7.317 kg/m2 and 1.742-7.446 kg/m2.3 The rocky desertification model of Eco economic and mixed Forestry management which could enhance carbon sink have been basic formed. According to the karst area unique geographical structure and characteristics of the ecological environment, combined with the actual situation of the two rocky desertification demonstration area, the study found that in Huajiang demonstration area "Ecological economic model" and " Forestry compound management model" can bring economic benefits and ecological benefits, the model of the initial formation of the economic forest-shrub-grass-grain crop ecological farming the organic combination of three-dimensional, ecological and increasing desertification mode exchange, efficient use of water. Soil, light, heat and other resources, increase the input and output of the land,biodiversity, vegetation cover, carbon storage and soil erosion prevention. In the realization of the ecological benefits and the ecological farming, fruit forest, Chinese herbal medicine planting and other income generating ways to achieve a certain economic income. The model is a low-carbon, efficient and green sustainable development system, both ecological benefits, but also economic benefits.4 Carbon sequestration benefits and ecological compensation benefits of karst rocky desertification control are obvious, in the rocky desertification area of ecological restoration of rocky desertification control have potential of carbon sequestration.The result of the study of ecosystem carbon sink and karst carbon sink show that different land use and rocky desertification of soil, karst between the vegetation and carbon sequestration benefits are not the same. In terms of the carbon storage in proportion, soil carbon pool in the total carbon reserves occupies absolute proportion is the largest carbon pool, secondly for forestry carbon sequestration and karst carbon sink, in the same stage of rocky desertification and land use conditions, between the carbon pool of carbon sequestration benefits is different, different regions of the carbon pool of solid carbon ability are also differences. From the regional total solid carbon ability comparison, the per unit area total solid carbon content of Huajiang less than Salaxi, although the rocky desertification control in Huajiang demonstration area for a long time, but due to its strength moderate rocky desertification areas, and Salaxi demonstration area belongs to potential light degree of rocky desertification area, vegetation coverage rate, average thickness of soil layer, dissolution rate to higher than in Huajiang demonstration area, and exposed bedrock rate significantly lower than in Huajiang demonstration area. Rocky desertification by the intensity evolution to moderate, moderate evolution to mild, mild evolution to potential, land units solid carbon ability were increased 26.7%, 51.4% and 22.9%. This fully indicates the significant effect of rocky desertification governance on improving the level of carbon sequestration in the region.The benefit of carbon sequestration conversion for the economic value of ecological benefits of Salaxi and Huajiang rocky desertification demonstration areas sum to 4.11×108-5.92×108 yuan, Huajiang demonstration area is 1.64×108-2.43×108yuan, Salaxi is 2.37×108-3.49×108 yuan.The ecological compensation benefit of unit area in the demonstration area of the demonstration area is 1.67×104-2.53×104yuan/hm2 and 6.97×104-9.91×104yuan/ hm2 respectively. Through the calculation of the ecological restoration of rocky desertification, the ecological benefits can be honored as the economic value, can be calculated to get the best efficiency of carbon sink ecological restoration of the study area, to fight for the late stage of stone desertification for compensation funds.更多还原