【作者】 朱颖；

【导师】 叶明； 邓慧华；

【作者基本信息】 东南大学 ， 应用心理学， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 在儿童早期,家庭是儿童社会化的重要起点,家庭中对儿童未来发展影响最大的莫过于父母,特别是父母施加于儿童的养育方式。如何改善父母养育方式是众多研究者和教育实践者十分关心的问题。哪些因素影响父母的养育方式?先前的实证研究主要集中于父母自身因素,如受教育程度等。儿童是否影响父母养育方式未有定论。由家庭生态系统理论可知,父母会影响儿童的发展,但儿童并不是被动的接受者,儿童子系统也会影响父母子系统。再者,根据养育方式的决定模型,儿童自身特质会影响其父母的养育方式。本研究以这两种理论模型为框架,结合前人已有的少量实证研究,深入探究儿童早期气质(以情绪性为例)对父母养育方式的影响。对这一问题的探究,一方面有助于帮助父母了解儿童早期情绪性对其自身养育方式的作用规律,在对儿童情绪性的认识上有所改善；另一方面,有助于及早预测父母的养育方式,从而提前进行一些必要的干预措施,这一切都对儿童未来的发展有极为重要的意义。本研究以281名儿童及其父母为被试,采用问卷法和追踪设计,探究不同发展阶段的儿童情绪性(即受限后沮丧、恐惧和微笑大笑)以及它们之间的交互作用能否预测父亲和母亲养育方式(即严厉、保护担忧和接受)。在儿童6个月和14个月时,由母亲报告儿童的情绪性；在儿童24个月时,由母亲和父亲分别报告各自的养育方式。数据处理采用分层回归和简单斜率分析。研究结果表明：(1)6个月时,儿童受限后沮丧显著正向预测24个月时母亲和父亲严厉的养育方式,同时能正向预测父亲的保护担忧。14个月时,儿童受限后沮丧仍显著正向预测母亲和父亲严厉的养育方式；恐惧能显著正向预测母亲的保护担忧；微笑大笑能显著正向预测母亲的接受,负向预测母亲的严厉和保护担忧。(2)6个月时,儿童恐惧能调节受限后沮丧对母亲保护担忧的影响。具体而言,对于低恐惧水平的儿童而言,受限后沮丧能显著正向预测母亲的保护担忧：对于高恐惧水平的儿童而言,母亲的保护担忧不受儿童受限后沮丧的影响。14个月时,儿童微笑大笑能调节受限后沮丧对母亲严厉养育方式的影响。具体而言,对于高水平微笑大笑的儿童,其受限后沮丧能显著正向预测母亲严厉的养育方式；对于低水平微笑大笑的儿童,母亲严厉的养育方式不受儿童受限后沮丧的影响。同样,14个月时,儿童恐惧和受限后沮丧的交互作用能预测父亲保护担忧的养育方式,但无论是高水平还是低水平恐惧的儿童,其受限后沮丧均不能显著预测父亲的保护担忧。研究结论：总体而言,儿童的早期气质(情绪性)能够对学步期父母的养育方式存在着直接影响和交互影响。具体表现在：(1)无论在分化前(6个月)还是在分化后(14个月),儿童受限后沮丧均能显著正向预测父亲和母亲严厉的养育方式。(2)儿童受限后沮丧和恐惧这两种消极情绪性对养育方式的预测作用并不相同。(3)儿童恐惧和微笑大笑对母亲养育方式的预测作用随其发展的不同阶段发生变化。(4)儿童情绪性之间的交互作用能显著预测父母的养育方式。(5)儿童受限后沮丧对父母养育方式的直接作用是一致的。然而,恐惧、微笑大笑的直接作用、以及情绪性之间的交互作用对养育方式的预测随双亲性别而异。更多还原

【Abstract】 Family is an important starting point for child’s socialization in early childhood. In the family, parents play greatest roles on child’s future development through their characteristics, especially for parenting styles. How to improve parenting styles attracts extensive attention of a lot of researchers.It is in debate whether child characteristics affect parenting styles. According to ecological system theory, children subsystem can also influence parent’s subsystem although parents influence children’s development. Moreover, the process model of determinants of parenting emphasized that child’s characteristics as an independent subsystem plays an important role in dictating parental parenting styles. Based on the two theoretical models, this study focused on exploring the influence of early child emotionality (including distress to limitations, fear, smiling and laughter) on parenting styles (including harsh, concern/protection, acceptance). It would help parents to know about rules of the influence of child emotionality on parenting styles and help them improve the understanding about child emotionality. It also would be helpful to make some necessary intervention measures in advance through predicting parenting styles as early as possible.The present study followed up 281 children and their parents to explore the influence of child emotionality on parenting styles on different development stage. Mother reported child emotionality at the child age of 6 and 14 months, and parents reported their own respective parenting styles when children aged 24 months. Hierarchical regression and simple slope analysis were done for data analysis.The results revealed that child distress to limitations at the age of 6 months significantly and positively predicted maternal and paternal harsh parenting, and significantly and positively predicted paternal concern and protection. Child distress to limitations at the age of 14 months still positively predicted maternal and paternal harsh parenting. Child fear also positively predicted maternal concern and protection. Child smiling and laughter positively predicted maternal acceptance, and negatively predicted maternal harsh parenting, as well as concern and protection.There exists interaction between fear and distress to limits in predicting parental concern and protection. Specially, child distress to limitations at age of 6 months increased maternal concern and protection only when child has lower fear. The interaction between fear and distress to limits could predict paternal concern and protection though the simple slope analysis did not found significant results. Additionally, there also exists interaction between distress to limitations and smiling and laughter. Specially, child distress to limits at age of 14 months increased maternal harsh parenting when child has high smiling and laughter.In summary, the prediction of child emotionality on parenting styles varied with type of negative emotionality, demonstrating that child distress to limitations at the age of 14 months significantly and positively predicted maternal harsh parenting and child fear did maternal concern and protection. The predictive role of child emotionality on parenting style varied with child age, showing that child fear and smiling and laughter at the age of 6 months did not predict maternal parenting style, but did maternal parenting style when children are at the age of 14 months. In contrast, child distress to limitations played a stable influence on harsh parenting styles at toddlerhood at early developmental stage across 6 to 14 months. There exists the interaction between child emotionality and emotionality in predicting parenting styles. Child distress to limitations significantly and positively predicted both paternal and maternal harsh parenting. The prediction role of child fear and smiling and laughter on parenting styles varied with gender of parents at the child age of 14 months. Similar result was observed for the prediction role of the interactions between child emotionality and emotionality.更多还原