【作者】 刘娟；

【导师】 傅廷中；

【作者基本信息】 清华大学 ， 法学， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 海上保险领域中,保险人与被保险人签订保险合同时可以订入特别条款,要求被保险人承诺将来作为或不作为一定行为,或者是将来实现一定条件,或者是被保险人承诺特定的事实或情况存在或不存在。这样的特别条款被称为承诺性保证条款。英国海上保险法规定,违反保证义务,保险合同自动终止,保险人将免除保险合同项下的进一步义务。这样规定是考虑到早期海上保险市场上信息不对称,被保险人一方处于优势地位的情形。随着海上保险市场的成熟,以及通讯手段和网络数据库技术的发展,一方面保险人已经越来越专业,另一方面保险人获得被保险人和被保险船舶的情况信息越来越便利。被保险人原先的优势地位已不复存在,情况已经发生了根本的改变,继续适用这一严苛的违反后果会带来极大不公平。因此,各国或通过官方立法,或通过民间编纂商业惯例的方式改变这一制度的适用效果。我国《海商法》第二百三十五条规定被保险人违反保证条款时,保险人可以选择终止合同,或者选择修改承保条件、增加保费。但是我国《海商法》并没有规定保证条款的定义、违反保证条款的构成要件,以及违反保证的例外等情形。立法上的缺失导致司法实务过程中,当事人虽然订立类似保证条款的特约条款,但法院在认定特约条款的性质及违反的法律效果时,出现了不同甚至矛盾的裁判。英国是保证制度的起源国家。厘清保证制度在英国法律体系下的来龙去脉,有助于深入理解保证制度每项性质存在的原因。研究英国以及其他国家对保证制度的反思和改革,有助于我国在移植保证制度时做出合理的取舍。更多还原

【Abstract】 In marine insurance, the insurer and the assured sometimes choose to incorporate a special term when concluding their insurance contract. Such term normally subjects the assured to undertakings by which some particular thing shall or shall not be done, or that some condition shall be fulfilled, or whereby the assured affirms or negatives the existence of a particular state of facts. Such term is called promissory warranty under Marine Insurance Act 1995. Under the Act, breach of a promissory warranty shall bring the insurance contract to an end. The harsh legal consequence of breach of warranty bases on the information asymmetry.At that time, the assured is dominant in marine insurance market. However, the growing market together with the developing communication media and internet database technology change the circumstance. The insurer become more professional and is easier to collect information of the assured and the insured ship. The assured has lost his ascendancy and it is unfair to stick to the old system. Therefore, many states try to modify the legal consequence of application of warranty by official and private codification.China?s Maritime Law Article 235 provides that where the assured has not complied with the warranties under the contract, the insurer may terminate the contract or demand an amendment to the terms and conditions of the insurance coverage or an increase in the premium. However, there is no articles that define the term “warranty”, or clarify the elements of breach of warranties, or the exceptions of warranties. Lack of legislation leads to discrepancy even contradiction in judicial judgements, where special terms in insurance contract are recognized as warranties.The marine insurance warranty system derives from United Kingdom. To study the history of warranty under UK system will contribute to deep understanding on the nature of warranties. To study the reflection and reform under UK and other states will contribute to making proper options when we transplant the system of warranties.更多还原