执行参与分配程序中的优先权问题研究

【作者】 赵娟；

【导师】 胡波；

【作者基本信息】 暨南大学 ， 法律， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 执行程序的参与分配制度是指在被执行人的财产不足以清偿全部债权人债权时,对被执行人的财产按照一定的原则在各债权人中进行分配的制度。在法院启动参与分配程序对案款进行实际处理时,需解决的最重要的问题是各债权人的分配顺序问题。在社会利益多元化的今天,案款分配时需考虑与平衡的利益较多,加之我国目前的法律对于执行参与分配环节中某一特种债权是否享有优先权、各种优先权之间的优位顺序应如何确定等问题无明确规定,实务中各地法院对这个问题理解不尽统一,操作起来无统一规范的原则,从而损害了司法的严肃性和权威性,因此,研究参与分配程序中的优先权问题有其现实意义。本文从执行工作实务出发,在研究各地法院现行做法的基础上,提出并分析现阶段参与分配程序中应予优先受偿的优先权种类及各优先权的优位顺序。文章从三个方面对此问题进行论述:第一章,“参与分配程序中涉及的优先权”。本章阐明了优先权的概念,认为优先权是在发生冲突的民事权利中,按照规定或约定可优先于其他民事权利实现的民事权利。根据不同标准,优先权可分为一般优先权和特别优先权、动产优先权和不动产优先权等种类。根据我国现有法律规定,涉及民事优先权的类型主要有先取特权、优先受偿权、优先购买权等。在参与分配程序中,最高法院关于适用民诉法的解释与执行工作若干规定中,均提到了享有优先权的债权可优于普通债权受偿,但对于优先权的具体范围均未作明确的说明。笔者根据相关法律规定和执行实务中优先权保护的情况进行总结,认为参与分配程序中的优先权有以下种类:(1)执行费用优先权;(2)劳动债权优先权;(3)人身性质债权优先权;(4)被执行人基本生活保障费用优先权;(5)已交付全部或大部分款项的商品房买受人(消费者)优先权;(6)应退受教育者学杂费用及教职工工资、社保费用优先权;(7)建设工程价款优先权;(8)船舶优先权;(9)民用航空器优先权;(10)土地使用权出让金优先权;(11)基于保留所有权或未转移登记而产生的剩余价款优先受偿权;(12)担保物权的优先受偿权;(13)税收优先权;(14)首查封优先权等。第二章“司法实践的现状”,介绍北京、浙江、广东法院目前在参与分配程序中对优先权问题认识和把握的现状。北京法院实务中在参与分配程序中予以考虑保护的优先权主要有:担保物权的优先受偿权、建设工程款优先权、已交付全部或大部分款项的商品房买受人(消费者)优先权、劳动债权优先权、船舶优先权、民用航空器优先权、应退受教育者学杂费用及教职工工资、社保费用优先权、首查封优先权、土地出让金优先权等。浙江法院目前参与分配程序中考虑的优先权主要包括:担保物权的优先权、船舶优先权、民用航空器优先权、建设工程价款优先权、土地使用权出让金优先权、税收优先权、应退受教育者学杂费用优先权、已交付全部或大部分款项的商品房买受人(消费者)优先权、基于保留所有权或未转移登记而产生的剩余价款优先受偿权和首查封优先权。广东法院目前在参与分配程序中考虑的优先有:执行费用优先权、劳动债权优先权、担保物权优先权、首查封优先权等优先权。各地法院对优先权种类的认识并不完全一致,实际操作层面对各种优先权保护的力度,所确定各优先权的优位顺序亦不同。第三章“各项优先权之间的优位顺序”,认为参与分配程序中涉及的上述14种优先权应分为五个顺位受偿。第一顺位为执行费用,包括申请执行费、诉讼费和公益费用;第二顺位为涉及基本生存权的优先权,包括劳动债权优先权、人身性质债权优先权、被执行人基本生活保障费用优先权、已交付全部或大部分款项的商品房买受人(消费者)优先权、应退受教育者学杂费用及教职工工资、社保费用优先权;第三顺位为对特殊标的享有的优先权,包括建设工程价款优先权、船舶优先权、民用航空器优先权、土地使用权出让金优先权、基于保留所有权或未转移登记而产生的剩余价款优先受偿权;第四顺位为担保物权的优先权与税收优先权;第五顺位为首查封优先权。在前顺位的优先权先于在后顺位的优先权受偿。对于同一顺位的各项优先权,除法律有特别规定外,按比例受偿。更多还原

【Abstract】 Executable program participation in distribu tion system are the pr operty of the person subjected to execution is insufficient to discharge all creditors, according to certain principles to the person subjected to execution of property system of distributed in all the creditors. In court to start the allocator counterproposal models for actual processing, th e most important issue to be resolved is the distribution of the creditors order problem. In today’s social interests diversified, case distribution and balance of interests is more, should be considered when combined with the current law in our cou ntry for the participation in distribution in a s pecial priority between creditor’s rights have the right, whether various problem s such as how do you determ ine the optimal order should not m ake clear a regulati on, practice around the court to understand thi s problem is not unified, to operate without the pr inciple of unified specification, dam age to the seriousness and authority of justice, therefore, the research involved in priorities in the allocation program has its practical significance.In this paper, starting from the execution work practice, on the basis of current research around the court, puts forward and analyzes pres ent procedure of partic ipation in distribution should be the priority of compensation with priority types and the optimal order of priority. The article discusses the problem from three aspects:The first chapter, "participate in the alloca tion process involved in the priority". This chapter expounds the concept of the priority that priori ty is in conflict of civil rights, in accordance with the relevant provisions or agreement can be achieved in preference to other civil rights of civil rights. According to dif ferent standards, can be divided into general priority and special priority priority, chattel and real estate priority priority. According to China’s existing laws and regulations, involving civi l priority type mainly has preferential privilege, the priority of compensation, right of first refusal, etc. In participating in distribution programs, the Supreme Court on civilian law interpretation and implementation of certain rules re lating to the work are mentioned have the right of creditor’ s rights can be better than the ordinary creditor’ s rights, compensation for the specific scope of priority has not been made clear instructions.Based on the related legal ru les and enforcem ent practice summ arized the situ ation of priority protection, participating in priority in the allocation program has the following kinds:(1) the execution cost priority;(2) the labor claim priority;(3) the personal nature of priority claims;(4) the person subjected to execution cost of basic life safeguard priorities;(5) to the commercial housing to all or m ost of the m oney the buyer(consumer) priority;(6) refundable pedagogue tuition and fees and staf f wages, social security fees priority;(7) construction engineering cost priority;(8) of maritime lien;(9) civil air craft liens;(10) land prior ity;(11) based on retain ownership or transfer of registration of surplus value the priority of compensation;(12) the real rights for security of the priority of compensation;(13) tax priority;(14) first seizure priority, etc.The second chapter, "the cu rrent situation of judicial practice", in Beijing, zhejiang, guangdong court now to participate in the allocation of priorities in the program to recognize and grasp the status quo. B eijing court practice consider protection pr iority in participating in distribution program mainly include: real right s for security priorities, the priority of compensation, the construction project paym ent of all or m ost of the m oney delivered commodity buyer(consumer), labor claim priority, ship priority, civil aircraft priority, priority should be refund pedagogue tuition a nd fees with priority and staf f wages, social security fees, the first seizure, gold of land sell one’ s own things priority priority, etc. Zhejiang court now to participate in the distribution program considering the priority of mainly includes: the real rights for security, ship priority, civil aircraft priority, priority of the construction project price priority, priority, land tax priority, refundable pedagogue tu ition with priority, all or m ost of the m oney delivered commodity house buyer(consum er) priority, based on the retention of ownership or transfer registration and the remaining price first seizure of the priority of compensation and the right of way. Guangdong court in participating in distribution programs currently considering priority are: execu tion cost, labor claim priority, real rights for security priority, priority first seizure priorities such as pr iority. Around the court aw areness of priority species is not completely consistent, the actual operational level in the face of all kinds of right of priority protection efforts, determined the optimal order of priority is also different.The third c hapter "the priority between the optimal order", think to participate in the distribution process involved in the sequence of the 14 kinds of priority should be divided into five payments. First place to carry out cost, including the application execution, legal fees and expenses of the public; Second-lien to involve the basic right of priority, including labor claims priority, personal property claim s priority, the person subjected to execution cost of basic life safeguard priorities, delivered all or most of their money commodity buyer(consumer) priority, refundable educatees tuition and fees and staff wages, social security fees priority; Third to enjoy priority in the subject matter of the special line, consists of the construction project price priority, maritime liens, civil aircraft lien, priority, based on land retain ownership or transfer registration of surplus value the priority of compensation; The fourth line of real rights for security priorities and tax priority; Line 5, seizure of priority. In the front line in the bottom right before the last line of right of lien. For the sam e sequence each priority, in addition to the law has spec ial provisions, in proportion to the repayment.更多还原