【作者】 陈虹；

【导师】 熊德忠； 周碧青；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 土壤学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 烟草是我国重要的经济作物,化肥是烟草生长的基础。然而因肥料的不合理施用而引起的肥料浪费、效益下降、环境污染等一系列问题越来越受到重视。在保证烤烟产质量的同时,如何提高肥料施用效益是当前一项重要的研究课题。本研究采用室内土培试验、盆栽试验和田间试验相结合的方法,研究分析不同剂型肥料及不同施肥方法对烤烟生长发育及肥料响应的影响。主要结论如下:1.施用不同剂型肥料的土培试验表明,施用颗粒肥(K处理)、散装BB肥(B处理)、水溶液肥(S处理)30d、60d、90d时,土壤速效氮含量均在15-20cm土层(施肥位点)的最大,即K处理15-20cm土层的速效氮含量分别比对照的增加58.41%、50.12%、43.09%,B处理的分别比对照的增加67.10%、43.73%、31.33%,S处理的分别比对照的增加46.83%、36.34%、31.35%；在施肥后60d、90d,K处理15-20cm土层的速效氮含量比B处理的高6.39-11.76个百分点、比S处理的多13.78-11.74个百分点。在施肥后30d、60d、90d,S处理20-25cm土层的速效氮含量则比K处理的分别高11.91、10.48、8.21个百分点,比B处理的分别多8.65、5.08、5.31个百分点,说明施用水溶液氮肥更易向下层土壤迁移。在施肥后30d,K、B、S处理的施肥位点土层(15-20cm)速效磷含量最大,分别比对照的增加73.09%、76.00%、56.98%;施肥后90d,K、B、S处理20-25cm土层中的速效磷含量比对照的分别增加6.43%、8.48%、2.02%,说明磷素在施肥位点向下迁移的趋势较小。在施肥后30d、60d、90d,K处理15-20cm土层(施肥位点)的速效钾含量分别比对照的增加78.82%、70.23%、61.68%,B处理的分别比对照的提高74.42%、62.56%、54.50%,S处理的分别比对照的上升53.70%、44.94%、40.3 1%；各处理20-25cm土层速效钾含量在施肥后90d时最大,分别比对照的增加26.91%、23.54%、29.54%,说明水溶液钾肥相比较颗粒肥、BB肥更易向下层土迁移。不同施肥方法的土培试验表明,在土壤中施入颗粒肥30d、60d和90d时,条沟施肥处理(T处理)、穴施处理(X处理)15-20cm土层的速效氮含量分别比对照的增加58.41%-43.09%、74.23%-28.20%：在20-25cm土层中的速效氮含量分别比对照的增加5.14%-16.41%、8.70%-21.70%,说明以穴施肥处理的氮素向下迁移的趋势较大。分层施肥处理(F处理)的速效氮主要分布在5-10cm、15-20cm土层(施肥位点),5-10cm土层速效氮含量分别比对照的增加39.82%、33.34%、35.15%,15-20cm土层速效氮含量分别比对照的增加37.04%、32.16%、32.90%。全层施肥处理(Q处理)各土层的速效氮分布均匀,其值为115.01-122.27mg/kgo施用颗粒肥30d、60d和90d时,在施肥位点(15-20cm)土层的速效磷含量较高；在20-25cm土层的速效磷含量,T处理的分别比对照的增加2.57%、4.42%、6.43%,X处理的分别比对照增加7.93%、11.58%、10.61%；F处理5-10cm土层速效磷含量分别比对照的增加25.81%、12.47%、11.48%,15-20cm土层的分别比对照的增加21.69%、17.14%、6.84%。Q处理的土壤速效磷在各土层中分布较均匀(26.14-30.28mg/kg)。在施肥30d、60d、90d,T、X处理15-20cm土层速效钾含量分别比对照的增加78.82%-61.68%、88.08%-59.04%,20-25cm土层的分别比对照的增加23.04%-26.91%,15.32%-28.78%。各处理的土壤速效钾在土层中的分布规律与土壤速效氮的相似。2.施用不同剂型肥料的盆栽试验表明,(1)施用水溶液肥对烤烟前期生长的促进作用较明显；施用颗粒肥和散装BB肥对烤烟生长的促进作用则在后期较明显,且在烤烟生长后期施用颗粒肥的促进作用比施用BB肥的更强一些。(2)烤烟烟叶、烟茎、烟根干物质积累量均以施用颗粒肥处理的最大,分别比施用BB肥处理的提高2.82%、2.88%、15.03%,比施用水溶液肥的提高2.08%、3.28%、11.93%,说明施用颗粒肥更有利于烤烟烟叶、烟茎、烟根干物质的积累,且这种影响效果在烤烟根系的干物质积累上更明显。(3)烤烟对氮、磷、钾养分的相对吸收量均以施用颗粒肥处理的最高(均以100%计),施用BB肥的分别为96.6%、94.1%、90.4%,施用水溶液肥的分别为92.5%、96.3%、83.5%,说明施用颗粒肥更有利于烤烟对氮磷钾养分的吸收。施用不同剂型肥料处理的烟株收获后,土壤速效养分的测定结果表明,(1)各处理的土壤速效氮主要残留在16-24cm处土层,以施用BB肥处理最大(144.09mg/kg),施水溶液肥处理最小(131.52mg/kg)。(2)各处理的土壤速效磷主要集中在16-24cm土层,以施用水溶液肥最大(32.20mg/kg).(3)各处理植烟后土壤速效钾含量沿着土层向下而增加,即各处理在16-24cm土层的速效钾含量均最大,以施用颗粒肥处理最大(67.05mg/kg),施用BB肥次之(58.72mg/kg),施用水溶液肥最小(54.42mg/kg)。不同施肥方法的盆栽试验表明,(1)提前条沟施肥对烤烟前期生长的促进作用较明显,而在后期对烤烟生长促进较明显的是条沟施肥。(2)烤烟烟叶干物质积累量以提前条沟施肥处理的最大,比其它处理的增加3.99%-13.93%；烟茎干物质积累量以条沟施肥处理的最大,比其它处理的增加11.24%-31.43%；烟根干物质积累量以分次施液体肥处理的最大,比其他处理的增加19.72%-52.02%；说明提前条沟施肥处理更有利于烟叶干物质的积累。(3)烤烟氮素的吸收以提前条沟施肥处理的最大(氮素相对吸收量以100%计),条沟施肥处理次之(氮素相对吸收量为96.3%),全层施肥处理的最小(氮素相对吸收量为86.4%)；磷素的吸收以条沟施肥处理的最大(磷素相对吸收量以100%计),全层施肥处理的最小(磷素相对吸收量为90.0%)；钾素的吸收以提前条沟施肥处理的最大(钾素相对吸收量以100%计),分层施肥处理的最小(钾素相对吸收量为77.7%)；说明提前条沟施肥有利于烤烟对氮钾素的吸收,且以钾素的影响较大,而条沟施肥处理较有利于烤烟对磷素的吸收利用,但差异不显著。不同施肥方法处理的烟株收获后,土壤速效养分的测定结果表明,(1)各处理0-8cm土层的速效氮含量以分次施固体肥处理的最大,为135.47mg/kg; 8-16cm、16-24cm土层的速效氮含量均以分层施肥处理的最大,分别为144.73mg/kg、147.17mg/kg。(2)土壤中速效磷在16-24cm土层以分次施液体肥处理的最大,为36.65mg/kg。 (3)不同施肥方法对土层速效钾的残留影响各不相同,在0-8cm土层以分次施固体肥处理的最大(92.45mg/kg),8-16cm土层的以分次施液体肥处理的最大(84.73mg/kg),16-24cm土层的以条沟旖肥处理的最大(67.05mg/kg)。3.施用不同剂型肥料的田间试验表明,(1)施用颗粒肥(A处理)、散装BB肥(B处理)和水溶液肥(C处理),处理间的烤烟生育期差异不明显,其烤烟大田生育期均在126天左右。各处理烟株的农艺性状,前期以处理C最强,处理B居次,处理A次之,但后期的则以A处理最强。(2)施用颗粒肥(A处理)产值分别比施散装BB肥(B处理)和水溶液肥(C处理)处理的增加7.53%、5.79%,但处理之间的产值差异未达到显著水平。(3)施用颗粒肥更有利于烟叶内在成分的协调性。不同施肥方法的田间试验表明,(1)条沟施肥法(A处理)、穴施法(B处理)、条沟肥分层施(C处理)、基肥全层施肥法+常规追肥(D处理)、分次施肥(E处理)、基肥双条施(F处理)的烤烟生育期均维持在134天；各处理烟株的农艺性状以处理C的最佳。(2)条沟施肥法的产量最高(130.9kg/666.67m2),基肥双条施的最小(113.8kg/666.67m2),但各处理间的产量的差异没有达到显著水平。各处理间的烟叶产值也未达显著差异。(3)以条沟施肥法更有利于烟叶内在成分的协调性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tobacco is an important economic crop in China and chemical fertilizer is the foundation for the growth of tobacco. However, the problems about the fertilizer waste, decreased efficiency, environmental pollution which are caused by unreasonable fertilizer applications that are paid more attention to. How to improve the efficiency of fertilizer is an important research topic, while ensuring yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. It is researched that the effect of different form of fertilizers and fertilization methods on the growth of flue-cured tobacco and fertilizer response via using indoor soil cultivation, pot experiment and field experiment combination. The results are as follows:1. Soil cultivation experiments about applying fertilizers of different form showed that the largest contents of available-N were all in the 15-20cm soil-layer (fertilization site) in 30d,60d,90d after application of granular fertilizer (K), bulk blending fertilizer (B), liquid fertilizer (S). The content of available-N of K treatment in 15-20cm soil-layer respectively increased 58.41%,50.12%,43.09% compared with CK, the content of available-N of B treatment in 15-20cm soil-layer respectively increased 67.10%,43.73%,31.33% compared with CK, the content of available-N of S treatment in 15-20cm soil-layer respectively increased 46.83%,36.34%,31.35% compared with CK. After fertilization, the content of available-N of K treatment in 15-20cm soil-layer increased 6.39-11.76 percent point compared with B treatment and 13.78-11.74 percent point compared with S treatment in 60d and 90d. After fertilization, the content of available-N of S treatment in 20-25cm soil-layer respectively increased 11.91,10.48,8.21 percent point compared with K treatment and 8.65,5.08, 5.31 percent point compared with B treatment, which illustrated the nitrogen of liquid fertilizer more easily moved to the lower soil.The largest contents of available-P of K, B, S treatment in fertilization-site soil (15-20cm) were in 30d after fertilization and they respectively increased 73.09%,76.00%,56.98%compared with CK. The contents of available-P of K, B, S treatment in the 20-25cm soil-layer respectively increased 6.43%,8.48%,2.02% compared with CK in 90d after fertilization, which illustrated that the moving-down trend of phosphorus was weak.After fertilization, the contents of available-K of K treatment in 15-20cm soil-layer respectively increased 78.82%,70.23%,61.68% compared with CK, B treatment’s increasing 74.42%,62.56%, 54.50% compared with CK, S treatment’s increasing 53.70%,44.94%,40.31%compared with CK in 30d,60d,90d. The largest contents of available-K of each treatment in 20-25cm soil-layer were all in 90d after fertilization, which respectively increased 26.91%,23.54%,29.54% compared with CK. It illustrated that the liquid K-fertilizer more easily moved to the lower soil compared with granular fertilizer, bulk blending fertilizer.Soil cultivation experiments of using different fertilization methods showed that the contents of available-N of band fertilization method (T) and hole fertilization method (X) in 15-20cm soil-layer respectively increased 58.41%-43.09% and 74.23%-28.20% compared with CK in 30d,60d,90d after application granular fertilizer into soil. The contents of the available-N of T and X treatment in 20-25cm soil-layer respectively increased 5.14%-16.41% and 8.70%-21.70% compared with CK, which illustrated the trend of nitrogen moving of the hole fertilization method was strong. The contents of the available-N of separated layer fertilization (F) were mainly distributed in the 5-10cm, 15-20cm soil-layer (fertilization site) and they respectively increased 39.82%,33.34%,35.15% in 5-10cm soil-layer and 37.04%,32.16%,32.90% in 15-20cm soil-layer compared with CK. The available-N of whole layer fertilization (Q) was equally distributed,115.01-122.27mg/kg.After applying granular fertilizer, the largest contents of available-P were all distributed in the fertilization site (15-20cm) in 30d,60d,90d. For the contents of available-P in 20-25cm soil-layer, T and X treatment’s respectively increased 2.57%,4.42%,6.43% and 7.93%,11.58%,10.61% compared with CK. The contents of available-P of F treatment respectively increased 25.81%,12.47%, 11.48% in 5-10cm soil-layer and 21.69%,17.14%,6.84% in 15-20cm soil-layer compared with CK. The content of available-P for Q treatment was equally distributed in soil (26.14-30.28mg/kg).For T and X treatment, the contents of available-K respectively increased 78.82%-61.68%, 88.08%-59.04% in 15-20cm soil-layer and 23.04%-26.91%,15.32%-28.78% in 20-25cm soil-layer compared with CK. For each treatment, the distribution of available-K was similar to the distribution of available-N in soil.2. Pot experiments of applying fertilizers of different form showed that it was obvious for promoting the flue-cured tobacco early growth by applying the liquid fertilizer and the flue-cured tobacco growth at a later stage by applying the granular fertilizer and bulk blending fertilizer, but the granular fertilizer’s promotion was stronger than the bulk blending fertilizer’s. The amount of dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco leaf, stems, root of granular fertilizer were greatest, respectively increasing 2.82%,2.88%,15.03% compared with BB fertilizer and 2.08%,3.28%, 11.93% compared with liquid fertilizer, which illustrated the application of granular fertilizer was more beneficial for the dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco leaf, stems, root and it was more obvious for promotion of flue-cured tobacco root. The relative absorption of flue-cured tobacco on N, P, K nutrients for granular fertilizer were highest (100%),96.6%,94.1%,90.4% of BB fertilizer and 92.5%,96.3%,83.5% of liquid fertilizer, indicating that the application of granular fertilizer was more beneficial to assimilate NPK nutriment for flue-cured tobacco.The soil available nutrient results of application of different fertilizer form after harvesting showed that the soil available-N was mainly distributed in 16-24cm soil-layer for each treatment, the content of BB fertilizer largest (144.09mg/kg) and liquid fertilizer smallest (131.52mg/kg). The soil available-P was mainly distributed in 16-24cm soil-layer for each treatment, the content of liquid fertilizer largest (32.20mg/kg). The content of soil available-K became high down soil-layer for each treatment after harvesting and the largest contents of soil available-K were all in the 16-24cm soil-layer, the granular fertilizer largest (67.05mg/kg), BB fertilizer next (58.72mg/kg), liquid fertilizer smallest (54.42mg/kg).Pot experiments of applying different fertilization methods showed that it was more obvious to promote the early growth of flue-cured tobacco by applying advanced band fertilization and the growth of flue-cured tobacco at a later stage by applying band fertilization. The amount of dry matter accumulation of the flue-cured tobacco leaf of the advanced band fertilization were highest, respectively increasing 3.99%-13.93% compared with other treatment. The amount of dry matter accumulation of the flue-cured tobacco stem of band fertilization was highest and respectively increased 11.24%-31.43% compared with other treatment. The amount of dry matter accumulation of the flue-cured tobacco root of separate application of liquid fertilizer was highest and respectively increased 19.72%-52.02% compared with other treatment. It illustrated that the advanced band fertilization was more beneficial for the dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco leaf. The relative absorption on the nitrogen of flue-cured tobacco of applying advanced band fertilization was highest (100%), the relative absorption of band fertilization next (96.3%), the relative absorption of whole layer fertilization lowest (86.4%). The relative absorption on the phosphorus of flue-cured tobacco of applying band fertilization was highest (100%), the relative absorption of whole layer fertilization lowest (90.0%). The relative absorption on the potassium of flue-cured tobacco of applying advanced band fertilization was highest (100%), the relative absorption of separated layer fertilization lowest (77.7%). It illustrated the advanced band fertilization was beneficial to assimilate N, K nutriment and the band fertilization was beneficial to assimilate P nutriment for flue-cured tobacco, but the difference was not significant.The soil available nutrient results of application of different fertilizer methods after harvesting showed that the content of available-N of separate application of solid fertilizer in 0-8cm soil-layer was largest (135.47mg/kg) and the contents of the available-N of separated layer fertilization were largest in the 8-16cm and 16-24cm soil-layer. The content of the available-P of separate application of liquid fertilizer was largest in the 16-24cm soil-layer. There were differential effects on soil available-K for different fertilization methods. In 0-8cm soil-layer, the content of the available-K of separate application of solid fertilizer (92.45mg/kg) was largest, the content of the available-K of separate application of liquid fertilizer (84.73mg/kg) largest in 8-16cm soil-layer, the content of the available-K of band fertilization (67.05mg/kg) largest in 16-24cm soil-layer.3. Field experiments of application of different fertilizer form showed that it was not significantly different for the flue-cured tobacco growth period (about 126 days) of application of granular fertilizer (A), bulk blending fertilizer (B), liquid fertilizer (C). The plant agronomic trait performance of C was best, B treatment’s next and A treatment’s followed during the early growth period,but the plant agronomic trait performance of A was best at a later stage. The output value of the flue-cured tobacco of K treatment respectively increased 7.53%,5.79%compared with B and S treatment, but they were not significant differences. It was more beneficial for the internal coordination of tobacco leaf to apply granular fertilizer.Field experiments of application of different fertilization methods showed that the flue-cured tobacco growth period was 134 days for band fertilization (A), hole fertilization (B), separated layer fertilization (C), whole layer fertilization+general topdressing (D), separate application of fertilizer (E), double band fertilization (F). The plant agronomic trait performance of C was best. The yield of the flue-cured tobacco of A was highest (130.9kg/666.67m2), the yield of double band fertilization lowest (113.8kg/666.67m2), but the differences about the yield and output value of tobacco leaf among the treatments did not reach significant levels. It was more beneficial for the internal coordination of tobacco leaf to apply band fertilization.更多还原