【作者】 董志强；

【导师】 刘福柱；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 养殖（专业学位）， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究采用四个试验来研究人工草地放养系统对略阳乌鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道微生物区系的影响,以确定牧草对散养乌鸡的各项生理指标的影响,从而来指导生产实践。在前三个试验中,5个处理组分别为人工三叶草草地散养组、人工黑麦草草地散养组、人工菊苣草地散养组、天然杂草草地散养组和苜草素添加舍饲笼养组,对照组为舍饲笼养组。试验一研究了不同人工草地散养对8~12周龄略阳乌鸡生长性能及血清生化指标的影响。选取49日龄的健康状况良好,体重接近的略阳乌鸡324只。试验设定5个处理组和1个对照组,每个处理含有3个重复,每个重复18只鸡。结果表明:(1)菊苣散养组和杂草散养组对8~12周龄略阳乌鸡的料肉比显著低于三叶草组和苜草素添加组(P<0.05);但不同人工草地散养对8~12周龄略阳乌鸡的平均日增重和平均日采食量未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。(2)不同人工草地散养对8~12周龄略阳乌鸡的肝脏指数产生了显著影响,杂草散养组的肝脏指数显著高于三叶草散养组(P<0.05);不同人工草地散养对胸腺指数产生了极显著影响(P<0.01),杂草散养组、苜草素添加组以及对照组极显著的高于三叶草散养组,黑麦草散养组和菊苣散养组显著高于三叶草散养组。(3)不同人工草地散养对血清总胆固醇含量产生了极显著影响(P<0.05),对照组的血清总胆固醇含量显著高于其他组。试验二研究了不同人工草地散养对13~18周龄略阳乌鸡生长性能及血清生化指标的影响。选取83日龄的健康状况良好,体重接近的略阳乌鸡324只,公母各半。试验设定5个处理组和1个对照组,每个处理含有3个重复,每个重复18只(公母各半,混合饲养)。通过测定不同人工草地散养对13~18周龄略阳乌鸡生长性能及血清生化指标的影响,选择最佳的草地系统。结果表明:(1)不同人工草地散养对13~18周龄略阳乌鸡的平均日增重、平均日采食量、料肉比未产生显著地影响(P>0.05)。但是室外散养组的平均日增重均高于笼养对照组。(2)不同人工草地散养对13~18周龄略阳乌鸡公鸡的脾脏指数产生了极显著的影响,其中人工菊苣草地散养组和对照组的脾脏指数的极显著高于杂草组(P<0.01),人工三叶草草地散养组、人工黑麦草草地散养组和苜草素添加组的脾脏指数显著高于杂草组。试验三研究了不同人工草地散养对育成期周龄略阳乌鸡肠道形态的影响。选取41日龄的健康状况良好,体重接近的略阳乌鸡324只,公母各半。试验采用单因素试验设计。试验设定5个处理组和1个对照组,每个处理含有3个重复,每个重复18只(公母各半,混合饲养)。探究不同人工草地散养对育成期略阳乌鸡肠道健康的影响。结果表明:(1)不同人工草地散养对育成期略阳乌鸡公鸡空肠指数产生了显著影响,其中人工黑麦草草地散养组和人工菊苣草地散养组的空肠指数显著高于苜草素添加组和对照组;(2)不同人工草地散养对育成期略阳乌鸡公鸡的回肠绒毛长度产生了显著影响,其中杂草组的回肠绒毛长度显著高于人工三叶草散养组、人工黑麦草散养组、人工菊苣散养组和对照组;不同人工草地散养对育成期略阳乌鸡母鸡空肠绒毛高度产生了显著影响。(3)不同人工草地散养对育成期略阳乌鸡的十二指肠肠壁厚度、空肠肠壁厚度和回肠肠壁厚度都未产生显著影响。试验四研究了三叶草人工草地系统、菊苣人工草地系统以及苜蓿素对于略阳乌鸡盲肠微生物区系的影响。选取三叶草组、菊苣组、添加苜草素组和空白对照组中12与18周龄的健康状况良好,体重接近的略阳乌鸡,屠宰并取其盲肠内容物,并在-80℃保存备用。探究三叶草人工草地系统、菊苣人工草地系统以及苜蓿素对于略阳乌鸡盲肠微生物区系的影响。结果表明:笼养组的OTU值明显低于室外散养组,说明人工草地散养提高略了阳乌鸡的盲肠微生物区系多样性。人工草地三叶草系统对略阳乌鸡盲肠微生物区系的影响最大。人工草地三叶草组和人工草地菊苣组的盲肠微生物中的物种组成的均匀度更高。人工草地三叶草组散养对略阳乌鸡微生物物种丰富程度影响较其他组更大。人工草地散养为略阳乌鸡盲肠微生物的优势菌群提供了良好的定植和生长环境。拟杆菌和厚壁菌在略阳乌鸡盲肠中属于优势菌,占肠道微生物种类的88.3%。结论:本试验通过测定不同人工草地系统对略阳乌鸡生长性能和肠道微生物区系的影响,来确定最适合散养略阳乌鸡食用的牧草,结果表明,(1)8~12周龄的菊苣散养组和杂草散养组的料肉比显著低于三叶草组和苜草素添加组;但不同人工草地散养对8~12周龄略阳乌鸡的平均日增重和平均日采食量未产生显著影响。不同人工草地散养对血清总胆固醇含量产生了极显著影响,对照组的血清总胆固醇含量显著高于其他组;(2)不同人工草地散养对13~18周龄略阳乌鸡公鸡的脾脏指数产生了极显著的影响。(3)人工散养对略阳乌鸡的空肠指数和绒毛长度产生了显著影响,对于肠壁厚度未产生显著影响。(4)人工草地散养为略阳乌鸡盲肠微生物的优势菌群提供了良好的定植和生长环境。拟杆菌和厚壁菌在略阳乌鸡盲肠中属于优势菌,占肠道微生物的88.3%。更多还原

【Abstract】 Four experiments were carried out to determine the effects of artificial grassland grazing system on growth performance and intestinal microflora in Lveyang black-bone chickens, in order to guide the production practice through the effects on physiological indexes.In the first three tests, five treatment groups wereartificial clover,ryegrass, chicory pasture reared group, natural weed grassland group, polysavone added group in cage, respectively. The control group was fed with basal diet in cage.In trail one, the effects of different forage scattering ways on growth performance and serum biochemical indexes of 8 to 12 week of age Lveyang black-bone chickens were investigated. Three hundred twenty-four 49-day-old chicken were assigned to five treatments and one control group consisting of 3 replicates of 18 birds each pen(male and female in half). The results indicated that:(1)The feed conversion ratio(FCR) of the chicory group and natural weed grass group of Lveyang black-bone chicken at 8-12 weeks of age was significantly lower than that of clover group and polysavone added group(P<0.05). However, the average daily gain(ADG) and average daily feed intake(ADFI) of different artificial grassland of Lveyang black-bone chicken did not affect significantly(P>0.05).(2) Different artificial grassland scattered had a significant impact on liver index of Lveyang black-bone chicken, the liver index of natural weed grassland group was significantly higher than that of clover group(P<0.05); different artificial grassland scattered produced significantly different on the thymus index(P<0.01), natural weed grassland group, polysavone added groupand the control group were significantly higher than clover group, ryegrass group and chicory group were significantly higher than that of clover group.(3) Different artificial grassland has significant effect on serum total cholesterol content(P<0.05), the serum total cholesterol content of control group was significantly higher than that of other groups.In trail two, the effects of different forage scattering ways on growth performance and serum biochemical indexes in 13 to 18 week of age Lveyang black-bone chickens were investigated. Three hundred twenty-four 83-day-old chicken were assigned to five treatments and one control group consisting of 3 replicates of 18 birds each pen(male and female in half). The results demonstrated that:(1) The different artificial grassland scattered did not have a significant effect on ADG, ADFI and FCR(P>0.05), however, ADG of the outdoors treatments was higher that of the control group.(2) Different artificial grassland scattered influenced significantly on the spleen index of male Lveyang black-bone chicken, moreover, the spleen index of artificial chicory grassland scattered group and the control group was significantly higher than that of natural weed grassland group(P<0.01) and the spleen index of artificial of clover grassland, artificial ryegrass group and polysavone added group was significantly higher than that of the weed group.In trail three, the effects of different forage scatter ways on intestinal morphology of Lveyang black-bone chickens were evaluated and aimed to study the effects of different artificial grassland of backyard bred on Lveyang black-bone chicken intestinal health. Three hundred twenty-four 41-day-old chicken were assigned to five treatments and one control group consisting of 3 replicates of 18 birds each pen(male and female in half). The results showed that:(1) Different artificial grassland had a significant impact on the incubation period of Lveyang black-bone chicken rooster jejunum index, the jejunum index of the artificial ryegrassgroup and artificial chicory grassgroup was significantly higher than that of polysavone added group and control group.(2) Different artificial grassland has a significant effect on the incubation period of Lveyang black-bone chicken Rooster ileal villus length(VH), the ileal VH of natural weed grassland group was significantly higher than that of artificial clover group, artificial ryegrass group, artificial chicory group and control group; different artificial grassland had a significant impact on the incubation period of Lveyang black-bone chicken jejunum VH.(3) Different artificial grassland scattered raising incubation period Lveyang black-bone chicken duodenal wall thickness, jejunum bowel wall thickness and ileum wall thickness will not have significant effect.In trail four, the effects of different forage scatter ways on intestinal microflora Lveyang black-bone chickens were evaluated. 12 and 18 week age Lveyang black-bone chicken from three treatments were selected and slaughtered, cecal contents stored at-80 ℃ for further analysis. The results showed that OTU value of the cage group was significantly lower than that of outdoor group and outdoor in artificial grassland improve slightly the Lveyang black-bonechicken cecal microflora diversity. Effect of different artificial clover group of Lveyang black-bone chicken cecum microflora in the largest room. Composition of artificial grassland two clover test group and artificial grassland chicory group in the species evenness was higher. Artificial clover group of Lveyang black-bone chicken rearing microbial species richness affect more than other groups. Artificial grassland is the dominant fungus in Lveyang black-bone chicken cecal microbial population provides a good environment for colonization and growth. The dominant bacteria belong to Bacillus and Firmicutes in Lveyang black-bone chicken cecum, accounting for 88.3% of the intestinal microflora.Conclusion: Artificial grassland scattered ways were adopted to measure the effects on growth performance and intestinal microbial flora of Lveyang black-bone chicken.(1) The FCR ofchicory pasture reared group and natural weed grassland group of 8 to 12 week age Lveyang black-bone chicken was significantly lower than that of clover and polysavone added group. However, the ADG and ADFI did not differ of different artificial grassland in the backyard of 8 to 12 week age Lveyang black-bone chicken. Different artificial grassland scattered raising the total cholesterol content of serum produced significantly different, and the control group of serum total cholesterol content was significantly higher than that of other groups.(2) Different artificial grassland scattered raised spleen index of 13 to 18 weeks of age male Lveyang black-bone chicken.(3) Artificial scattered increased jejunum index and villus height of Lveyang black-bone chicken, whereas had no effect on the intestinal wall thickness.(4) Artificial grassland scattered ways provides optimum colonization and growth environment for cecal microbial bacteria group of Lveyang black-bone chicken, Bacteroidete and Firmicutes belongs to dominant bacteria in Lveyang black-bone chicken cecum, which accounts for 88.3% of intestinal microbial.更多还原