【作者】 王淑敏；

【导师】 赵惊涛；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 行政法（专业学位）， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 警察在和平时期肩负着保卫公共安全的职责,是维护政治和社会稳定的国家武力。现代国家赋予警察最强有力的执法手段和武器,以保证警察能够快速有效地应对和处置各种安全威胁。枪便成为警察这个职业的关键标识,武器的使用直接触及社会公共安全和公民的人身权利,警察用枪事件一直是极为敏感的话题。一方面,警察使用枪支缺乏完备的法律制度作为依据,警察在执行公务时的用枪行为的合法性判定争议较大,极易引发社会舆论风暴,警察队伍的执法公信力受到质疑;另一方面,社会治安形势在新的社会背景下发生了较大变化,暴力袭击事件时有发生,恐怖势力的潜在威胁加大,社会公共安全亟需警察强制力的维护。因此,用不用枪,如何用枪成为中国警察履行职责所面临困境。不断出现的警察用枪事件一直倍受争议,2007年民警孙某对行凶后逃跑的犯罪嫌疑人杨某连开四枪将其击毙的案件,引发社会各界对警察开枪情形的探讨和警察开枪合法性的质疑。2015年哈尔滨安庆火车站派出所民警击毙犯罪嫌疑人徐纯和的事件中,当事人家属和群众对警察击毙徐某的产生质疑,再度引发理论界和实务界对警察开枪合法性与合理性的思考。为探究如何通过法律实现对警察用枪合法规制,解决我国当前警察用枪的困境,笔者紧密结合警察的执法实际,通过实地调查,采取以实例分析为主的方法,进行整合、分析、研究文献著作,吸收国内外相关的前沿理论和研究成果,大量运用第一手材料并结合近年来发生的正反案例来探讨我国警察的用枪的困境。我们不仅需要理论上的探讨,更亟需解决的执法操作规程,合理划分警察用枪案件责任。从法律上规制警察用枪的实际操作,明确警察权力行使的法定情形和程序规定,依法规范警察用枪行为,提升警察的执法能力和社会公信力。笔者首先从警察用枪的理论基础入题,基于国家权力的行使有着天然的扩张性,对警察枪支使用权加以警惕和限制是实现宪法人权保障宗旨的必然选择。通过对警察用枪行为的性质辨析,为我国警察用枪制度的完善奠定正当基础并指明发展方向。在现有理论和实证材料的基础上,结合我国民警实际用枪的案例,对我国警察用枪的法律现状进行分析,查找我国警察用枪法律制度在基本概念界定、程序规定、标准制定等方面的不足。同时明确提出警察用枪行为程序合法的重要性,建议完善用枪的前置程序和事后处置程序规定,且进一步将程序合法理念引入对警察用枪合法性判断和用枪责任划分中,设立程序责任,科学、公平合理分配警察用枪责任。通过研究对比,结合国外和香港地区警察用枪法律制度和程序规范,提出我国在法律实体和程序规定方面的完善意见,我国应进一步明确警察用枪原则,建立警察使用警械和武器的专门立法,同时跟进培训制度和考核的制度,确保用枪警察在主体资格和用枪技能上符合实战要求,最后完善对警察用枪合法性审查制度,将事前先行为审查,程序审查和必要性审查列入其中,为科学判定警察用枪行为的合法性和合理性提供法律基础和制度保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 Police is the national “force ” in time of peace, undertaking the important public security responsibilities. The modern states endow them with the most powerful law enforcement tools and instruments so as to response to the security threats rapidly and effectively. Gun is a identity for police. The usage of weapon directly attacks social public security and citizen’s personal right and thus police’s gun using is a sensitive topic. On the one hand, the police’s gun using lacks of complete legal system; moreover, there are great disputes on the legitimacy judgment of gun using when exercising a public function, which may lead to social opinion storm and query on the law enforcement credibility of police. On the other hand, the public security situation changes greatly under the new social background with the occasionally happened violent attacks and the greater potential threats of terrorist forces and the social public security is in urgent need of the police’s compulsory force protection. Hence, whether to use gun or not and how to use gun have become the adverse conditions for the police to perform duties.The case that the civil police shot the suspect Yang who ran away after perpetrating dead through four continuous shoots in 2007 arose the discussion on gun using and query on the legality of shooting; in the incident that the civil police from the police station in Harbin Anqing railway station shot the suspect Xu Chunhe dead in 2015, the family members of the party and the masses all had doubts on it, causing the theoretical cycle and practical cycle to reflect on the legality and rationality of police shooting. In order to explore how to formulate the legal regulations for police’s gun using and solve the problem of police’s gun using, the gun using dilemma was discussed through the positive and negative cases in recent years with a good deal of first-hand materials; moreover, the author integrated, analyzed and studied the research literature and absorbed the relevant forward theories and research results at home and abroad by applying instance analysis method through field investigation and combining with the enforcement condition; besides the discussion in theory, the operating instruction of law enforcement should be regulated to divide the responsibilities of police’s gun using reasonably. The actual operation of police’s gun using should be stipulated legally, the legal situation and procedure stipulation of police’s power execution should be defined and the police’s gun using behavior should be regulated according to law so as to enhance the police’s law enforcement ability and social credibility.Starting from the theoretical basis of police’s gun using, the author believes that it is the inevitable choice for realizing the human rights protection purpose of constitution to watch out for and impose restrictions on the police’s right to use guns on the basis of natural expansivity of state power enforcement. Through the differentiation and analysis on police’s gun using, the legitimate foundation for improving police’s gun using system is laid and the development direction is indicated. On the basis of the existing theories and positive materials, the legal situation of police’s gun using in our country is analyzed through combining with the cases of gun using in order to find the deficiency in basic concept definition, procedure stipulation and standard establishment for the legal system of police’s gun using. Meanwhile, the importance of the legal procedure of police’s gun using is put forward and the concept of legal procedure is further introduced to judge the legality of gun using and divide the gun using responsibility in order to establish procedural liability and divide the police’s gun using responsibilities scientifically and reasonably; it is suggested that the stipulations on the preposition procedure and handling procedure after the event for gun using should be improved. Through comparative study, the perfected suggestions for legal entity and procedure stipulation are put forward through combining with the legal system and program specification of police’s gun using abroad and in Hong Kong area; we should further define the police’s gun using principle and enact the special legislation for police’s usage of police equipment and weapons; meanwhile, the training system and feed back system should be maintained to make sure that the police using the gun confirms to the actual combat requirements on the aspects of right as principal and gun using skill; finally, the legality review system of police’s gun using should be improved, including former acts examination in advance, procedural examination and necessity examination so as to offer legal foundation and institutional assurance for scientifically judging the legality and rationality of police’s gun using.更多还原