【作者】 李红；

【导师】 王军； 史锦秀；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 国际政治， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 拉美是一块神奇的大陆,作为第三世界,它是遭遇奴役和侵略最严重的地区,但同时也是最早出现政党的地区。在这片神奇的土地上,政党犹如春雨滋润过的花园,百花齐放。形形色色且数目繁多的政党中共产主义政党和组织当数诸多政党中最绚丽的一枝。共产主义自产生到现在已有一百多年的历史,于人类历史来说只是短暂的一瞬。与资本主义相比,共产主义略显稚嫩。但,纵观整个共产主义的发展,我们可以看到它惊人的生命力与活力,且共产主义正在不断的进步当中。美国奉行资本主义,其在资本主义世界的地位是毋庸置疑的。而拉美一直被美国称为自己的“后院”,就是在这个经典的资本主义国家的“后院”我们看到了社会主义正如星星之火,有燎原之势。拉美的共产主义属于“舶来”之物。最早于19世纪中叶传入拉美地区。第一国际于1864——1867年就在拉美建立了墨西哥支部和阿根廷支部。一直到战后初期,世界社会主义运动逐渐进入高潮,国际上越来越多地出现了共产党执政的国家。这对新兴独立的民族国家产生了巨大吸引。十月革命胜利后,东欧一系列国家建立了社会主义制度,包括东欧在内的苏联、中国等均给予拉美极大的帮助。世界第二次大战之后,拉美各国面临发展困境,当时的国际格局分为两大阵营:社会主义阵营和资本主义阵营,许多国家为了突破困境,谋求发展,选择了社会主义阵营,建立起由共产党执政的国家。可以说选择共产主义政党或组织执政,是当时拉美各国面临困境所做出的求生选择,客观上促进了本国发展,提高了本国综合国力。这一时期拉美的共产主义政党和组织的发展也达到高潮。随着苏美冷战,苏联解体,对共产主义造成了严重打击,许多国家转投资本主义的怀抱,共产主义政党和组织陷入低潮。然而拉美的共产主义政党和组织并未一蹶不振,至今拉美仍活跃着共产主义政党和组织的身影,且许多政党和组织在艰苦奋斗和探索后取得了良好的成绩。他们结合本国特色,顺应历史潮流,形成具有地方民族特色的共产主义,不同于国际社会主义却又与其有着千丝万缕的联系。“特色化”后的拉美共产主义所建立的共产主义政党和组织更加符合人民要求,追求人民利益最大化,取得更多支持,呈欣欣向荣之势。现今为数不多的共产党执政的国家中除中国,朝鲜,越南外就是坐落在拉美地区的古巴。拉美共产主义政党和组织是国际共运的重要组成部分,它正在日渐成熟,为伸张人民公平和正义进行着各种社会主义探索。近期左翼的兴起,更是为共产主义的发展带来了新的生机与活力。拉美共产主义的重新兴起,彰显了共产主义的魅力。拉美共产主义政党和组织与国际共产主义政党和组织仍有较大差别,但不可否认的是拉美共产主义所蕴含的理论价值和实践意义,及对其他共产主义政党和组织的借鉴意义。毫无疑问,拉美共产主义政党和组织已经成为当代共产主义政党和组织的主力军,并将不断焕发出生机与活力。在欣喜拉美共产主义政党和组织发展势头转好的同时也不能没有忧患意识。必须强调的是1989年以来,东欧、苏联政治局势的急剧变化,给拉美国家的共产主义政党和组织及其所领导的共产主义运动带来了极其严重的消极影响,对本就面临困境的拉美共产主义政党和组织来说无疑是雪上加霜。苏东剧变,使拉美共产主义政党和组织失去一面号召党员群众进行斗争的旗帜,党的感召力受到严重削弱。苏联解体无疑是拉美共产主义政党和组织的一次巨大灾难,许多共产主义政党和组织失去指导陷入困惑,没有了斗争方向,陷入极度痛苦之中。直到现在,拉美许多共产主义政党和组织仍在共产主义道路上摸索前进,对共产主义的探索从未停止过。本文通过对拉美各国共产主义政党和组织的总体分析,了解其产生,发展,对其总体进行量化分析,按照不同标准分类,最后总结其特点、困境并对其未能上台执政做出分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 Latin America is a magical continent. As the Third World, it has experienced the most serious slavery and aggression. But the fact is that it is also one of the earliest continents to establish political parties. In this magical land, they spread so fast just like the rain moist the garden. Among all the political parties the communist party should be the most brilliant one. From its born the communism has more than one hundred years of history though it’s short in the history of mankind. Compared with capitalism, communism is just like a child. However, throughout the development of the communism, we can see its amazing vitality and vigor, and communism is driving improvements. US is a capitalism country, its status in the capitalist world is beyond doubt. Latin America has been called his "backyard", it is in the backyard of this classic capitalism country we see the sparks of socialism which is becoming the prairie fire. The communism of Latin American is "Exotic things". It was first passed in Latin America in the mid-1800 s. The First International established branches first in Mexico and Argentina in 1864-- 1867 in Latin America. Until the early postwar, the communism movement in the world gradually into its climax, more and more countries were powered by communist parties and organizations which also became a huge attraction to the newly independent nation states. After the victory of the October Revolution, a number of countries in Eastern Europe established communism systems. Including the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China give great help to Latin America. After the Second World War, Latin American countries faced dilemma of development and the international world is divided into two camps: the socialist camp and the capitalist camp. In order to overcome difficulties and to improve its developments many countries chose the socialist camp which is powered by Communist Parties. Choosing the socialism camp is a way to survive for Latin America which also improved its power. At the same time the communist parties and organizations reached its climax. The Cold War, Disintegration of the Soviet Union and the Drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe which caused serious blow to many countries, are the main reasons for most communism countries to become capitalism ones. However, communist parties and organizations of Latin American are not brought to its knees, they have remained active in the Latin American countries. What’s more, they have received good results after experienced a lot. Combined their own characters and the trends of the world the communist parties and organizations of Latin American have formed a kind of special communism but always have some relationships with the world’s communism. Communist parties and organizations established by "the characteristic communism" are more concern the benefits and demands of people thus win more supports which also gave them more energy on the way of development. Today Cuba is the only one powered by communist party except China, South Korea and Vietnam. Latin American Communist party is an important part of the international communist movements, they are becoming more and more maturing, and working hard to explore the way of communism in order to uphold fairness and justice. Recently the rose of new left-wing brings new vigor and vitality to the development of communism. The re-rise of the communism in Latin America highlight the charm of it. The difference between Latin American communist parties and organizations and the international communist parties did exist, but we can never deny their theoretical values and practical significance and also the references to the world. Now the communist parties and organizations of Latin American have become the main force of the world’s Communism. Exclude the sunshine side, we need also see how damage the Drastic changes in the Soviet Union is. Since 1989, dramatic changes brought very serious negative impacts on the communist parties and organizations of the Latin America, the situation became worse. Because of the Drastic Change they have lost their flags, lower their attractive. Until now they are still on the way of exploration. In this paper, throughout the analysis of the communist parties and organizations of Latin American, the writer summarize their types, characteristics, dilemmas and the reasons why they can not be the political parties.更多还原