【作者】 张昕；

【导师】 黄跃进；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 公共管理（专业学位）， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 环境保护不仅是人民群众最关心、最现实、最直接的问题,也是政府经济结构转型过程中面临的热点和难点。保护自然资源和生态环境是政府社会职能的重要方面,政府应采取各种手段,对由于经济发展、人口膨胀等所造成的环境恶化、自然资源破坏进行恢复、治理、监督和控制,促进经济的可持续发展。环境问题是世界各国政府在现代化文明进程中面临的共同问题,中、日、韩这三个东北亚地区主要国家,在解决国际重大问题方面发挥着日益重要的作用,一衣带水的地缘特征和一脉相承的文化背景使得三国政府在环境保护议题上有相当大的合作空间,日本和韩国政府在环境保护制度和措施方面有许多值得中国政府借鉴的先进经验。日本在战后经济发展过程中,由于一味地追求经济高速增长,曾经一度成为世界上环境污染最严重的国家。70年代开始,日本政府为了应对能源危机大力改革,采取了一系列相当有效的政策措施,形成了清洁、高效的能源系统,使得日本成为世界上能源利用效率最高的国家之一,并成为发达资本主义国家中环境治理较成功的国家。韩国则以1987年民主体制的形成为分水岭,在1987年之前的20年间,韩国保持了非常快速的工业发展,公众和媒体很少关注环境问题,尽管韩国政府在这一时期出台了许多新的环境法律以控制污染,但由于缺乏足够的资源来实施和执行,这些环保法律法规形同虚设,收效甚微；而1987年韩国民主体制产生之后,环境问题逐渐开始真正受到重视,环境治理取得了一定成效。本文回顾了日韩两国的环保历程,比较了两国在环保方面的制度建设和具体措施,发现两国都经历了由“经济发展至上主义”引发环境污染公害,从公民环保意识的觉醒再到政府大力发展循环型经济的过程。日韩两国政府在环保过程中所发挥的作用又不尽相同,日本地方政府在推动环保改革方面发挥了相当重要的作用,甚至促使中央政府不断完善环保法律,制定严格的环保标准,是“自下而上”的“对策反映”路线；韩国地方政府则没有太多的自主权,随着民主化运动的兴起,韩国环保组织和团体开始在政府政策制定过程中发表意见和施加影响,并努力促成各种环境问题的解决,韩国中央政府方才开始接受韩国民间团体和公众对环境问题的监督,将国民“环境权”写入宪法,引入环境纷争调整制度,保障国民基本权益,形成公民社会影响之下政府“自上而下”的严厉改革。中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,进入二十一世纪,伴随中国经济增长的环境与资源问题进一步凸显,大范围生态退化,复合性环境污染日益严重,资源全面紧张,中国政府近年来不断完善环境基本法建设,然而,中国的环境法律法规并未收到相应的效果,仍在重蹈日、韩两国工业化进程中公害泛滥的覆辙。虽然中国在环保行政、环保产业和技术方面实施了一些政策措施,但都缺乏力度,治标不治本,仍然没有有效避免发达国家曾经历的“先污染后治理”的老路,环境形势甚至更为严峻。实现环境与发展的战略转型是一个漫长而艰苦的过程,面临着一系列挑战。本文将中国政府与日韩政府在环境保护方面所建立的制度和采取的措施进行比较,从政府和市场之间的关系、政府对产业结构的调整、地方政府发挥的作用、法律法规和诉讼制度、公民社会的参与程度等角度阐述了三国政府的不同做法,分析各国政府在履行生态环境保护这一社会职能方面的有效做法和一些弊端,提出中国政府环境保护管理应采取的对策,要加强以环境污染预防和常规生态保护为核心的环境管理,实施涵盖政治、经济、科技、文化等各领域的一体化环境保护战略措施,同时还应积极推动区域环保合作。中国政府面临严峻的环境现状,应充分认识到在经济发展成果之外,还有人类生存的可持续问题；在政府与市场之外,还有公民社会。可持续发展理念要求中国的制度建设要富有新意、对策措施要触及根本。更多还原

【Abstract】 Environmental protection is not only the most concerned and direct issue for the public but also a hotspot and difficult problem during the government structural transform. Since the protection of ecologic environment and natural resources is an important element of government’s social role, the government has implemented various measures to treat, regulate and control environment deterioration and resource destruction caused by economic growth and population explosion to ensure sustainable economic growth.Environment issue is commonly faced by governments around the world during their modernization process. China, Korea and Japan, three major countries in northeastern Asian region, are playing an increasingly important role in dealing with international issues. The close geographic location and similar cultural background offer chance of cooperation for the three countries in environment protection, and Japanese and Korean governments have take-home experiences in environmental protection management mechanism and measures for Chinese government. Japan once became the most polluted countries in the world after years of fast economic growth after World War Two. Since the 1970s, Japan has become more aware of environment protection, carried out major reforms and adopted a series of effective measures. Thanks to that, Japan has established an effective energy system, which ranks among the top countries around the world, and become one of the successful countries in environmental protection among developed countries. As for Korea, the year of 1987 is a divide in timeline thanks to the establishment of democratic system. Two decades before 1987, Korea kept high speed of growth while the public and media paid little attention to environment protection, which resulted in serious air pollution. The Korean government has carried out many new environment protection laws to tackle with the pollution, but they were not effective because of the lack of resources to implement these laws. After 1987, the democratic system was established and environment protection has been taken more seriously with better effect.This paper reviews the road of environment protection for Japanese and Korean governments, compares the environment protection mechanism and measures taken by two governments and discovers that the two countries has the similar experience of development, pollution and treatment. However the roles of two governments in this process are different:for Japan, local government played the key role and pushed the central government to improve laws and formulate strict regulations, which is a bottom up pattern; for Korea, with the rise of democratic movement, Korean environment groups began to lobby when government were formulating policies and helped to solve environment problems. Since then, the central government of South Korea began to accept supervision from civil organizations and the public on the environment, incorporate "environmental right" of the public into the Constitution, introduce adjustment mechanism on environmental disputes, so as to ensure people’s basic rights and interests and top-down harsh reform of the government influenced by the civil society.China is the world’s largest developing country. In the 21st century, environmental and resources problems become increasingly acute amid Chinese economic growth, the ecology deteriorates in many areas, environmental pollution becomes complex and more severe, resources fall short in all respects, and Chinese government has been improving the basic legal system on environmental protection. However, the legal efforts have not been rewarding accordingly, and China is still on the trodden path of damaging the public resources which was the case during Japanese and South Korean industrialization. Despite some measures, policies and projects in environmental protection-related administration, economy and technology, they have not been sufficiently effective and have not addressed the root causes. In fact China has not avoided the old path of "pollution coming before improvement" that were the practice of many developed countries, and some problems here are even more serious. It is a long and arduous task to achieve the strategic restructuring on environmental and economic improvement, and many challenges must be tackled. The thesis compares the environmental protection-related system and actions taken by Chinese government and Japanese and South Korean government, and illustrates the different ways adopted by three countries, from the perspective of government-market relations, government’s adjustment of industrial structure, roles by local governments, legal and lawsuit system and the degree of citizens’ participation. The thesis analyzes the effective measures and shortcomings of different governments protecting ecological environment, and puts forward the solutions that Chinese government should take in protecting its environment:improving the management on environment defining pollution prevention and ecological conservation, promoting the regional environmental cooperation and an integrated protection strategic package measures on political, economic, scientific and technological, and cultural fronts. Chinese government, faced with severe environmental status, should be fully aware of the sustainability of human existence on top of economic achievement; and of civil society beyond government and market. Sustainability entails that Chinese system building be creative and hit home.更多还原