【作者】 陈芬；

【导师】 高焕章； 姚小华；

【作者基本信息】 长江大学 ， 园艺， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以薄壳山核桃幼龄期不同无性系的树体性状、开花物候观测、果(核)性状、杂交授粉座果率,果实内含物以及枝条性状比较为重点,进行试验调查、观测和分析,研究内容与结果如下：(1)对33个薄壳山核桃无性系的6个树体性状指标进行比较分析、相关分析,树形分类以及薄壳山核桃在园林中的应用阐述。结果表明：地径、胸径、树高、冠高、冠幅在无性系间、无性系内均有极显著差异；无性系14号、“黄山1号”、无性系9号生长快速,可作为园林优系推广；相关分析中,胸径与地径、树高与冠高有极显著相关性,相关指数分别为0.92**、0.96**；树形指数为0.59～0.82,接近黄金分割点,树形美观,为圆球形、广卵形；园林应用方面,薄壳山核桃是很好的孤赏树、庭院树、行道树、混交林树种,应加以推广。(2)对薄壳山核桃32个无性系的雌、雄花开花物候期和花量进行了观测和比较。结果表明：2011—2014年薄壳山核桃无性系开花物候期有所差异,但开花物候类型一致。2013年,供试的32个薄壳山核桃无性系整个花期持续时间为4月24日—5月21日。雄花花期持续时间为11-18d,雌花花期持续时间为9-17d；雌花最佳授粉期与雄花散粉盛期持续天数均为3-8d。依据雌花与雄花开放的先后次序可以确定其中的16个无性系为雌先型,10个无性系为雄先型,6个无性系为同时型；并根据观测结果确定了其中86个可行的授粉组合。最佳的授粉配置方案为：将1号、5号、27号、29号、35号无性系作为马汉、28号、65号无性系的授粉配置无性系。32个薄壳山核桃无性系之间,雄花序长度无显著性差异,单枝雄花簇数、单个雄花序花粉囊数、单株雄花序总数、单枝雌花数、每簇雄花序数、单株雌花总数的差异均达到显著水平,总体变异幅度最大的是单株雄花序总数(变异系数为75.51%)。(3)对33个薄壳山核桃无性系果实、核果以及产量之间的差异进行了多重比较,分析了各无性系果实、核果性状以及产量等12个指标之间的相关性,用12个指标在33个无性系之间进行系统聚类分析,结果表明：薄壳山核桃果实性状、核果性状以及产量等12个指标在33个无性系之间均达到了极显著差异；33个无性系果实性状以及产量之间的变异系数最大的是单株鲜果产量(变异系数CV为85.78%),其次是果质量(12.05%),果皮厚(11.29%),果高(6.34%),果型指数(5.74%),果径(5.31%)。这与33个无性系核果性状变异系数的大小顺序(单株核果产量、核质量、出核率、核高、核型指数、核径)保持一致；不同无性系果质量与核质量、果高与核高,果质量与核质量、果径与核径呈显著正相关,即果实的大小和形状决定着核果的大小和形状；聚为一类的无性系,其试验所测得的12个指标越接近(差异越不显著),反之差异越显著。(4)通过对薄壳山核桃无性系杂交果实座果率及果实性状的比较得出,不同杂交组合及对照间,授粉后至6月25目的这一段时间,落果比较严重,6月25日至7月15日,虽有落果,但落果曲线开始变得平缓,7月15日之后,落果较少,落果曲线更平缓；对试验的杂交组合的座果率而言,无性系35号为无性系28号和65号的最佳授粉无性系,其果实采收时的座果率分别为47.15%和14.59%,无性系5号是无性系马罕的最佳授粉无性系,其果实采收时的座果率为21.16%；马罕适宜作无性系11号的授粉无性系,而黄山1号适宜作无性系21号的授粉无性系。对杂交果实的性状而言,早28x♂5、早65×♂35和早马罕×♂29组合的杂交果实的性状最优；母本为中果型无性系21号时,其杂交果实有明显的花粉质感效应,大果型马罕为其授粉时,其杂交果实增大,小果型黄山1号为其授粉时,其杂交果实减小。(5)针对薄壳山核桃低产林分多且果实品质差,经济效益低等问题,本研究旨在筛选出果实经济性状和品质优良的栽培无性系,采用取样、测定和分析的方法,对27个薄壳山核桃无性系果实的各性状进行比较,其中1号、5号、8号、19号、28号、34号和35号无性系的果实经济性状优于其它无性系,初步认为这7个无性系为优良的无性系并可进行筛选。脂肪%、蛋白质%、可溶性糖%,脂肪酸相对含量的变异系数均小于20%,比较稳定；无性系28号、17号为优良的无性系,其果实脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸的含量均高于其它无性系,分别达到92.43%、92.33%,饱和脂肪酸的含量均低于其它无性系,分别为7.26%、7.46%；不饱和脂肪酸中,油酸与亚油酸呈极显著负相关关系,相关指数为-0.98**,且油酸和亚油酸总量的相对含量基本不变,即薄壳山核桃果实中的不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量比较稳定。对果实品质的综合分析得出：无性系1号、7号、8号、12号、19号、23号、26号也可与马罕一起作为主栽品种种植。(6)15个无性系的果枝率、结果枝数均有差异,果枝率方面,大部分无性系的果枝率均在80.00%以上,无性系28号的果枝率最高,达到90.67%；不同的树冠层次及不同的结果枝长粗,结果数的多少因无性系而异,15个无性系中,在树冠上部、中部、下部,无性系9号和65号果枝结果均数都高于其它无性系的结果数,其次是无性系11号、23号、28号,无性系32号结果较少：无性系42号的7月座果率和8月座果率均高于其它无性系,7月座果率为70.33%,8月座果率为59.69%；每母枝抽果枝数方面,无性系65号、48号、马罕、28号高于其它无性系,其果枝数高于其它无性系；发枝力与座果率呈极显著的负相关性,相关指数达到-0.70**,即单位去年生枝上的果枝数越多,其座果率越低；每母枝抽果枝数与雌花数呈极显著正相关,相关指数为1.00**,即雌花数的多少可以推测出每母枝抽果枝的数目。更多还原

【Abstract】 The dissertation have been mainly made on the tree traits,the observation of full bloom,fruit and nut traits,the nut setting rate of cross pollination, the fruit inclusion and branch traits of different Carya illinoensis clones at young,the research content and result as follows:(1) Six indexes of tree characteristics of 33 pecan (Carya illinoensis) clones were compared, and the correlation of them, tree classification and landscape application were analyzed. The results showed that there were highly significant differences among ground diameter,breast diameter,tree height, crown height and crown width within a clone or among clones. Clone 14,’Huangshan No.1’and clone 9 grow fast and could be popularized as excellent clones in the landscape. In the correlation analysis, there were highly significant correlation with the correlation indexes 0.92 and 0.96 between breast diameter and ground diameter, tree height and crown height. Tree form index, closed to the golden section point, was 0.59 to 0.82. The tree was spherical, broad-ovate and beautiful. C. illinoensis should be a very good species that could be as solitary appreciation tree, courtyard tree, street tree and mixed forest tree in the garden application.(2) Flowering phenology of thirty-two clones of Carya illinoensis was observed and compared. The results show that there exit some differences in flowering phenology from 2011 to 2014 and the duration of blossom process of all the thirty-two clones is from April 24 to May 21 in 2013.The lasting days of male flower of the thirty-two clones are 11-18d and the whole flowering period of female flower are 9-17 d in 2013. Days of receptivity stage of female flower and pollen shedding stage of male flower of thirty-two clones are all 3-8d. According to the time order of blossom of male and female flowers,sixteen clones could be determined to protogynous type. Ten clones protandrous type and six clones homogamy type; eighty-six feasible pollination combination could be selected according to the observation results. The best configuration scheme of clones is that the clones 1,5,17,27,29 and 35 as the pollinated varieties of clones Mahan,28 and 65.There is no significant differences for the length of male inflorescene among the thirty-two clones, but the differences among the clusters of male flower in a single branch, the number of pollen sac in a single male inflorescence,the total number of male inflorescence per plant, numbers of female flower per branch, numbers of male inflorescen per cluster and numbers of female flower per plant reached a significant level. There is a biggest range of whole variation in the total number of male inflorescene per plant, the coefficient of variation is 75.51%.(3) Fruit characters, nut traits and yield of 33 pecan (Carya illinoensis) clones were compared, and the correlation and System Cluster of 12 indexes between them was analyzed. The result showed highly significant difference among the clones in the 12 indexes studied. The CV (coefficient of variance) of the fruit characters appeared in the order of fresh fruit yield per tree> fruit weight> peel thickness> fruit height> fruit shape index >fruit diameter, being 85.78%,12.05%,11.29%, 6.34%,5.74% and 5.31%, respectively. A similar order was observed for the nut traits, nut yield per tree> nut weight> nut weight in fruit> nut height> nut shape index> nut diameter. Fruit weight was in a significant positive correlation with nut weight in 33 clones, and fruit height was in a highly significant positive correlation with nut height, Fruit diameter was in a significant positive correlation with nut diameter, the nut size can be determined by the size of the fresh fruit.The clones that clustered,the 12 indexes of which measured are more closer, that the difference of them is not significant,on the contrary, significant.(4) The crossing nut setting and its characters of different carya illinoensis clones were compared among different crossing combinations. The results showed that the nuts set much more from pollination to June 25, from June 25 to July 15, although the nuts set, but the nuts setting curves begin to flatten, after July 15, the nuts setting curves begin to more flatter with less nuts set.In terms of the nut setting of different crossing combination, the clone No.35 can be the best pollination clone as the clone No.28 and No.65, respectively with the nuts setting rate 47.15%and 14.59%when harvested, the clone No.5 can be the best pollination clone as Mahan with the nuts setting rate 21.16%.Mahan was the pollination clone suitable for clone No.11 and Huangshan No.l was suitable for No.21.To the characters of crossing nuts,the traits of these crossing combination that ♂28×♂65×♂35 and ♂ Mahan×♂ 29 were the best.When middle nut No.21 was female parent, its crossing nuts had significant pollen texture effects. The crossing nut increased when large nut Mahan as its male parent and it decreased when small nut Huangshan No.1 as its pollination clone.(5) In order to filter out clones with its excellent nut traits on economy and quality for more low-yielding pecan forest,poor nut quality and low economic benefits. The nut economy and quality characters of 27 Carya illinoensis clones were compared by the methods of sampling, measurement and analysis.The results showed that the seed rate of fresh fruit of the clone No.19 was higher than others, and the water content of air dried was lower, kernel percent of dried air clones No.1, No.34, No.28 was much higher, four clones can be promoted as the excellent economic characters. The CV (coefficient of variation) were less than 20% of fat,protein and soluble sugar percent,and the relative amount of fatty acid,relatively stable. The clones No.28 and No.17 can be as the excellent clones because of its higher unsaturated fatty acid and lower saturated fatty acid, the UFA was respectively 92.43% and 92.33%and the SFA only 7.26%and 7.46%.Kenerl percent and water content of kernel of air dried were significantly negatively correlated with the correlation index -0.67**.The unsaturated fatty acid,oleic acid and Linoleic acid showed a significant negative correlation with the correlation index -0.98**,and the total content kept almost the same of oleic and linoleic acid,that is, the unsaturated fatty acid in nut is relatively stable. The comprehensive analysis of nut quality showed that the clones No.1, No.7, No.8, No.12, No.19, No.23 and No.26 can also be planted as the main cultivars with Mahan.(5)There exist some differences of fruiting rate and fruiting branches among 15 clones, fruiting rate of most clones is above 80.00%and the clone No.28 reached the highest 90.67%. The results are different between canopy level and branches long or thick among 15 clones.In the upper, middle or lower canopy, clone 9 and 65, the numbers of fruiting branches were higher than those in canopy level among 15 clones,followed by clone No.11,23,28, and the fewer wih the clone No.32.The nut setting rate of clone No 42 in July and August was higher than other clones respectively with 70.33% and 59.69%. On the aspect of numbers of sprouted fruit branch per parent branch, fruiting branches of clone No.65,No.48,Mahan and No.48 than the other clones’. There was a significant negative correlation between Sprouting ability and nut setting rate with correlation index -0.70**, that was the more fruiting numbers per last-year-grown branch. There was significantly positive correlation between numbers of sprouted fruit branch of per parent branch and the numbers of female flowers with correlation index 1.00**, Numbers of sprouted fruit branch of per parent branch can be get by the numbers of female flowers.更多还原