【作者】 刘佳；

【导师】 潘文亮； 赤国彤；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 农药学， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 温度是影响杀虫剂室内毒力和田间防治效果的重要因素。温度对杀虫剂的影响机制非常复杂,其可通过影响杀虫剂的理化性质以及昆虫的新陈代谢等来影响杀虫剂的毒力和防治效果,产生不同的温度效应。杀虫剂理化性质的变化可直接影响昆虫对杀虫剂的吸收、体内分布,而不同温度下昆虫体内新陈代谢变化明显影响其解毒代谢。前期研究初步发现,温度对棉花重要害虫绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)防治药剂室内毒力存在明显影响,且其解毒酶在不同温度下活力变化明显。本论文采用试验处理前、中、后严格控制温度一致的测定方法,在一系列精密控温生测室中(250cm×150 cm×180 cm,±0.5℃)测定了不同作用机制、不同作用方式杀虫剂以及不同温度效应杀虫剂混配使用对绿盲蝽的温度效应,同时测定了试虫体内的三种解毒酶活力随温度变化的钟形曲线,温度长期作用对试虫体内解毒酶活力的影响,杀虫剂诱导对解毒酶活力钟形曲线的影响以及解毒酶抑制剂处理后对试虫体内解毒酶活力的影响。研究结果总结如下:1.采用食料浸渍法测定了硫丹、敌敌畏、氰戊菊酯、噻嗪酮、虫酰肼、阿维菌素、溴虫腈和氟铃脲7种不同作用机制杀虫剂,在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃和35℃下对绿盲蝽3龄试虫的毒力。结果表明:除氧化磷酸化解偶剂溴虫腈表现出较轻微的负温度效应外,其他作用机制的杀虫剂均表现为强或弱的正温度效应。2.采用食料浸渍法、点滴法、食料混毒法以及熏蒸法分别测定了辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、氟铃脲和敌敌畏对绿盲蝽3龄若虫毒力的温度效应。结果表明,在15℃到35℃范围内,点滴法测定辛硫磷和高效氯氰菊酯对试虫毒力的温度系数分别达+7.34和-5.33,而在食料浸渍法中分别为+1.14和-51.35。食料混毒法测定吡虫啉和氟铃脲对试虫毒力的温度系数分别为+8.75和+46.91,而食料浸渍法中分别为+22.45和+26.42。熏蒸法测定敌敌畏对试虫毒力温度系数为+3.89,食料浸渍法为+1.30。3.采用食料浸渍法,测定了不同温度效应杀虫剂混合使用后,其CTC值在不同温度下变化情况。测定结果表明,同一温度效应药剂混合使用时,其混剂的温度效应和单剂温度效应一致,其最高增效的配比范围在不同温度之间也没有变化。如正温度效应药剂吡虫啉和氟铃脲混合使用后,不同温度下其混剂的CTC值最高的配比范围均在吡虫啉:氟铃脲5:1左右;负温度效应药剂灭多威和高氯混合使用后,其混剂CTC值最高的配比范围均在灭多威:高氯25:1-30:1之间。不同温度效应药剂混合使用时,其混剂的温度效应则比较复杂,其最高增效的配比范围在不同温度之间变化较明显。强正温度效应药剂和强负温度效应药剂混合使用时,不同温度下其最高的CTC值基本一致,但其具有最高增效效果的混剂配比却完全不同。4.绿盲蝽体内解毒酶对杀虫剂毒力温度效应影响机制研究方面,首先测定了绿盲蝽体内解毒酶活力的钟形曲线。钟形曲线测定结果表明,供试温度范围内,25℃时三种解毒酶活力均显著高于其他温度时的酶活力,10℃-25℃时三种解毒酶的活力均与温度呈正相关关系,在25℃-40℃时均与温度呈现负相关关系。但是,从温度长期作用对绿盲蝽体内解毒酶的影响测定结果来看,在供试温度范围内,随着温度升高GST和Car E活力显著下降,MFO活力先升高后下降。亚致死剂量杀虫剂诱导结果表明,不同温度下,GST可能受诱导参与杀虫剂溴虫腈负温度效应的变化过程。绿盲蝽体内Car E和MFO在15℃左右的低温时,均易受杀虫剂氟铃脲和溴虫腈诱导而活力增加,但20℃-35℃时两种酶活力均不易受杀虫剂诱导。除此以外,氟铃脲和吡虫啉在供试浓度处理下会对MFO的活力产生一定的抑制作用。解毒酶抑制剂的验证试验测定结果表明,在25℃时,辛硫磷对GST酶诱导活力明显上升,高于空白对照和抑制剂DEM处理后的活力;但是,在供试温度范围内,吡虫啉对绿盲蝽MFO酶脱甲基诱导活力较空白对照和抑制剂PBO处理没有上升。总体来看,解毒酶对杀虫剂的温度效应存在一定的影响,如GST可能受诱导参与杀虫剂溴虫腈负温度效应的变化过程,但仍需更系统、全面的相关研究进行完善补充。本论文的研究结果可为更加合理地使用药剂,提高其防治效果提供试验依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Reports indicate that temperature is an important factor influencing the toxicity and field control effect of insecticides. The influence mechanism of temperature on insecticides activity is very complex, which can change the toxicity and control effect by influencing the physicochemical property of the insecticides as well as the metabolism of insects, thus produced different temperature effects. Changes of physical and chemical properties of insecticides can directly influence the absorption and distribution of insecticides in insects. While the changes of metabolism in insects at different temperatures can significantly influenced their metabolic detoxification. According to the preliminary findings of previous research, there have obvious temperature effect of chemical insecticides about on Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)which is the important cotton insect has obvious influence to its toxicity. And the activity of detoxifying enzymes changed significantly in different temperatures. In this study, the same temperature were kept throughout the whole experiment in a series of precision temperature control chambers(250cm×150cm×180cm, ±0.5℃). The temperature effect of different insecticides with different action mechanism and different action mode and the joint action of different temperature coefficient insecticides to A. lucorum were measured. With the change of temperature, the activities of the three main detoxification enzymes of A. lucorum the long-term temperature influence of detoxifying enzymes in this insect, and also the insecticide-induced activity and the change of the detoxification enzymes of A. lucorum after the treatment of the detoxification enzyme inhibitors were all determined. The main results are as follows:1. The toxicities of seven different action mechanism insecticides, endosulfan, dichlorvos, fenvalerate, buprofezin, tebufenozide, abamectin, chlorfenapyr and hexaflumuron, to the third instar nymphs of A. lucorum were measured at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30 and 35 respectively by food℃ ℃-dipping method. The results show that most of the insecticides showed a strong or weak positive temperature effect besides chlorfenapyr, which belongs to oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, showed a slight negative temperature effects.2. The food dipping method and topical application method, artificial feed mixed insecticides method and fumigation method were selected to determine the temperature effect of phoxim, β-cypermethrin, imidacloprid, hexaflumuron and DDVP to the third instar nymphs of A. lucorum. In the temperature range from 15 to 35℃ ℃, by adopting the topical application method, temperature coefficient of poxim and β-cypermethrin was respectively +7.34 and-5.33, and which was +1.14 and-51.35 respectively by food dipping method. Temperature coefficient of imidacloprid and hexaflumuron was +8.75 and +46.91 respectively by using artificial feed mixed insecticides method, and which was +22.45 and +26.42 by food dipping method. By fumigation method, the temperature coefficient of DDVP was +3.89, and was +1.30 by food dipping method.3. The influence of temperature effect to CTC values, which indicate the joint action of different insecticides to A. lucorum, were measured at different temperatures by food impregnation method. The results indicated that after imidacloprid and hexaflumuron which are all with positive temperature coefficient are mixtured, the synergy value of different mixed proportion is decreased with the rise in temperature, the synergy effect is largest for 5:1; after methomyl and β-cypermethrin which are all with negative temperature coefficient are mixtured, the synergy value of different mixed proportion is rised with the rise in temperature, the synergy effect is largest for 25:1-30:1; after imidacloprid and β-cypermethrin which are with obvious positive and negative temperature effect are mixtured, the effect of temperature on mixed effect is not obvious; after phoxim and β-cypermethrin which are with weak positive and obvious negative temperature effect are mixtured, the synergy value of different mixed proportion is decreased with the rise in temperature; after methomyl and imidacloprid which are with weak negative and obvious positive temperature effect are mixed, the synergy value of different mixed proportion is rised with the rise in temperature.4. About the research on the influence mechanism of detoxification enzymes on temperature effect of insecticide toxicity, the temperature-dependent "bell shaped" curves of three main detoxification enzymes of A. lucorum were measured firstly. The results of the "bell shaped" showed that the activities of three main detoxification enzymes were all significantly higher at 25 ℃ than other temperatures, and the activities of three detoxifying enzymes were positively correlated with the temperature when the range of 10℃ to 25℃, but that were all negatively correlation with the temperature during at 25℃ to 40℃. However, from the results of the influence of long-term temperature on A. lucorum detoxification enzymes, the activity of GST and Car E declined significantly and the activity of MFO demethylase increased first and then decreased with the increase of temperature. The research on the activities of three detoxifying enzymes induced by sublethal doses of insecticides showed that GST may be subject to be induced by chlorfenapyr and took part in the change process of the negative temperature effect at different temperatures. In the low temperature about 15℃, the activities of Car E and MFO demethylase were susceptible to be induced and increased by the insecticides, hexaflumuron and chlorfenapyr. But the activities of these two kinds of detoxification enzyme were not induced by the tested insecticides easily during 20℃-35℃. In addition, the activity of MFO demethylase could be inhibited by hexaflumuron and imidacloprid by the tested concentration. The verification test by the inhibitors of detoxification enzymes showed that the GST activity was induced by phoxim and significantly higher than the treatment induced by inhibitors DEM and the blank at 25℃; however, the MFO demethylase activity, which was induced by imidacloprid, did not rise comparing to the control and PBO inhibitor treatment within the range of test temperature.Overall, the temperature effect of insecticides were influenced by detoxification enzymes to some degree, such as the GST may be subject to be induced by chlorfenapyr and took part in the change process of the negative temperature effect. But it still need more systematic and comprehensive research to complement and be more perfect.The results of this paper can provide experimental basis for more rational use of pesticides and improve its control effect.更多还原