【作者】 张勇；

【导师】 陈日华；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 世界史， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 对大不列颠而言,1918—1931年是一个非常重要的时期,这段时间英国作为世界的霸主有着无与伦比的优势,但与此同时也潜伏着巨大的危机。在金融领域的改革虽然取得了一些成绩,但是以一战前英镑和黄金,美元的汇率恢复金本位制度却是一个致命的失误,这一政策限制了英格兰银行政策选择的范围,使英国经济陷入困境,英国错过了经济发展的黄金时期,成为主要资本主义国家中唯一一个在经济上没有出现繁荣的国家。英格兰银行作为整个帝国金融体系的核心,政策上的因循守旧,墨守成规无疑是导致帝国走向衰落的一个重要因素。1931年,在经济大危机的打击下,英国不得不放弃金本位。英格兰银行的主要领导人进行了深刻反思,及时调整政策,30年代中期,在金融领域做了一些行之有效的改革,英国很快从经济危机的困境中走出,经济复苏,失业率下降,对外贸易有了很大的发展。英国在30年代没有陷入大危机和恐慌之中,与日本,美国以及欧洲大陆大多数国家相比,英国显得比较稳定。本文通过介绍英格兰银行在这段时间采取的一些主要政策措施,分析其对英国经济和社会产生的影响,说明英格兰银行作为英国金融体系的核心,其政策的明智与否对大英帝国经济的健康发展和社会的稳定有着举足轻重的作用。英格兰银行政策得当自然利国利民,若政策失当则误国误民。央行在制定政策措施时必须要慎之又慎,多听取各方面的积极意见,在事关战略问题的事情上要做充分的研究分析和思考,并且要留有备选方案,当行动产生的结果事与愿违的时候要认真总结反思,果断调整,把消极影响降到最低,不能听之任之,如果战略方向选择错误,具体战术的成功没有太大意义。此外,英格兰银行的主要领导人绝对不能经验主义,要根据经济和社会的发展不断调整更新自己的理念和行为,引导大英帝国经济健康发展。本文由导论,正文和结语三部分组成：导论部分主要是简单介绍国内外学者关于英格兰银行的研究,指出本文研究的重点和创新之处。正文部分第一章分为两节,第一节简要介绍一下英格兰银行建立的原因；第二节主要介绍一下英格兰银行如何从一家商业银行转变为中央银行。第二章是本文的重点部分,论述一战结束后英格兰银行为恢复经济采取的主要措施,主要围绕蒙塔古·诺曼担任英格兰银行行长后英格兰银行采取的一些主要政策措施,以及这些政策措施对英国造成的影响。本章分为三节,第一节主要是介绍一战后英格兰银行的重大变化；第二节主要描述英格兰银行为恢复金本位制度而做出的各种努力,尤其是描述诺曼行长在恢复金本位制度过程中所起到的重大作用。为恢复金本位,诺曼行长发明并推广金汇兑本位制,游说各国相关领导人,建议他们在储备资产中加入英镑；与鲍德温首相一起到美国解决战争债务问题；与美国央行进行亲密的合作；游说财政大臣温斯顿·丘吉尔加入到恢复金本位的阵营中；让英格兰银行提高利率,减少货币发行量,通过紧缩的货币政策提高英镑汇率等。第三节介绍金本位制度恢复后英国经济长期低迷不景气,失业率长期居高不下,社会矛盾丛生,动荡加剧。第三章介绍金本位废除后英格兰银行以及英国政府采取的一些措施和产生的影响,总结一战后金本位制度的弊端。本章分为三个部分,第一部分对一战后英国的金本位制度做一个完整的总结,指出它崩溃的必然性；第二部分是讲金本位制度废除后英国采取了很多新的措施,如设立外汇平准账户,降低利率,让英镑贬值,限制对外放款数额,与其他国家央行和政府积极合作等,这些措施针砭时弊,比较有效,一方面大大减轻了政府的财政负担,使政府可以把更多的财力,物力投入到生产,文化生活,军事等领域；另一方面也促进了英国的经济发展；第三部分介绍金本位制度废除后英国经济复苏,失业率下降,对外贸易有了很大发展,其它领域也取得了长足的进步,整个社会发生了巨大的变化。结语部分总结本文的主要观点。英格兰银行作为大英帝国金融体系的核心,一定要与时俱进,根据形势的变化不断调整自己的政策措施,引导大英帝国的经济健康发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The period of 1918 to 1931 is very crucial to the Great Britain, as the powerful leader of the world; it has incomparable superiority to other nations. But in the meantime, it has potential crisis, it has some achievements in the financial reformation, but the return to the gold standard system is a serious blunder, it limits policy choices of the Bank of England, it leads to serious plight in economics. The Great Britain loses the best periods for economic development; it is the only standstill country in the main capitalist countries in 1920s. As the core of the whole financial system of the empire, the conservative policies of the Bank of England is the important factor that leads to the empire go downhill.The Great Britain had to abandon the gold standard in 1931 because of the economic crisis. The main leaders of the Bank of England rethink the situation completely, and then adjust their policies in the mid-1930s. The Great Britain gets rid of the economic crisis very quickly, its unemployment rate decreased, foreign trade developed, economy recovered. The Great Britain is not in great depression in 1930s, it is stable compared to the USA, Japan and most other countries in Europe. This paper introduces some major measures of the central bank during this period, analyses the effects to the economy and society, illustrates the subject of this paper, as the core of the whole financial system, the policies of the Bank of England are very important for the country. Appropriate policies benefit the nation, or else, harm the country. The central bank should be very cautious when make policies, it should listen to all positive views, make full study on Strategic issues, it should adjust policies timely if the outcome is not optimistic. Tactical success is not enough if the strategy is not proper. Besides, the main leaders of the central bank should be far-sighted, adjust ideas and policies according to the development of the society, lead the Great Britain develop positively.The thesis consists of 3 parts:The introduction reviews domestic and foreign scholars’research on the bank of England, points out the focus and special of this thesis.Chapter one has 2 parts, part 1 introduces the reasons of the establishment of the Bank of England briefly; part 2 mainly introduces the transformation of functions of the Bank of England;Chapter two is the most important part of the paper, illustrates the measures and influence of the bank of England, mainly the period when Montagu Norman in the post of the president of the central bank. This chapter has 3 parts, part 1 mainly introduces the great changes of the Bank of England after The First World War; part 2 illustrates, in order to recover gold standard, the bank of England makes full efforts, especially its president Montagu Norman. Lord Norman invents gold exchange standard, he persuades many leader of other countries to add pound sterling in reserve assets, accompanies Prime Minister Baldwin to USA settle the war debts; makes close cooperation with the Federal Reserve; persuades chancellor Winston Churchill to join his part; lets the Bank of England raise interest rates, reduce the amount of currency in circulation; Improves the sterling exchange rate through tight monetary policy, and so on. Part 3 illustrates, after the return to gold, the Great Britain is stuck in trouble, with economic depression and high unemployment rate for a long period.Chapter three introduces the measures and influence of the bank of England and the British government after the end of the gold standard system, summarizes the malpractice of the gold standard system after the First World War. This chapter has 3 parts, part 1 summaries the gold standard system after The First World War, points out the necessity of its collapse; part 2 illustrates, the great Britain adopts many new measures after the end of the gold standard system, for example, set the Exchange Equalization Account, Lower interest rates, Let the devaluation of the pound, Limit the amount of foreign loans, cooperate with other central banks an government actively, and so on. These measures are very effective, on the one hand, reduce the financial burden of the government greatly, the government can put more resources into production, culture, military and other fields; On the other hand, promote the economic development of the Great Britain. Part 3 illustrates, the Great Britain has big changes after the end of gold standard system, the unemployment rate decreased, economy recovered, foreign trade and other fields have great improvements.The epilogue part summarizes the main argument of this thesis. As the core of the whole financial system, the Bank of England should keep pace with times, adjust policies timely, lead the Great Britain develop positively.更多还原