【作者】 王凯；

【导师】 刘峰；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农药学， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 21世纪粮食安全始终是世界各国关注的焦点,因此,农业部提出推进马铃薯成为我国第四主粮提议成为热门话题。马铃薯晚疫病作为为害马铃薯的主要病害而备受关注,但长期使用的治疗性防治药剂具有较高的抗性风险,因此,筛选高效药剂及制剂复配手段减缓抗药性的产生势在必行。另外,随着人们环保意识的增加,高效、低毒、环境友好的农药及农药剂型备受关注。本文通过室内生物测定明确了氰霜唑和吡唑醚菌酯对马铃薯晚疫病病菌的室内毒力并筛选了其最佳混配比例,系统研究了不同种植物油对表面张力和接触角、不同种作物安全性的影响,确定选用油酸甲酯为分散介质;同时引进松香改性树脂作为触变剂应用到农药可分散油悬浮剂中,探讨了其在氰霜唑·吡唑醚菌酯可分散油悬浮剂中的触变性机理,选定其为抗沉降剂,最终筛选出12.5%氰霜唑·吡唑醚菌酯可分散油悬浮剂配方。最后对所制得的12.5%氰霜唑·吡唑醚菌酯可分散油悬浮剂进行了田间药效及安全性试验,主要研究结果如下:1.利用菌丝生长法和对孢子囊形成抑制法测定氰霜唑和吡唑醚菌酯对马铃薯晚疫病菌的联合毒力和增效作用,氰霜唑:吡唑醚菌酯=4:1时增效最显著。2.通过对四种植物油衍生物和二甲苯乳油稀释液表面张力和接触角的测定,表明四种植物油乳油均能明显降低体系表面张力和接触角,其中油酸甲酯、生物柴油、环氧大豆油降低其在马铃薯叶片上接触角,增加润湿展布性能力优于松脂油和二甲苯。3.测定了四种植物油衍生物和二甲苯乳液对马铃薯、黄瓜、番茄叶片的安全性,其中四种植物油安全性均较二甲苯低;其中油酸甲酯安全性最高,环氧大豆油最低,选用油酸甲酯作为可分散油悬浮剂的分散相。4.选取较为敏感的番茄叶片作为研究对象,初步探究植物油产生药害的可能原因是:植物油溶解与腐蚀植物叶片的蜡质层,造成叶片组织失水。5.经过单一乳化剂筛选,结合HLB值法,筛选出最佳乳化剂组合:3.5%SP-80+6.5%NP-10+5%VO/02N。6.通过对比不同分散剂对贮存后粒径和乳化分散效果的影响,结合粘度曲线法,筛选出分散剂及用量为1.5%YUS-EP60P。7.经对不同树脂软化点、酸值测定,结合红外光谱分析确定氢化松香甘油酯、氢化松香季戊四醇酯、松香改性对特辛基苯酚树脂皆为松香酸基改性物质。8.通过对12.5%氰霜唑·吡唑醚菌酯可分散油悬浮剂体系经过对析油率、流动性和黏度的测定对比,结合不同抗沉降剂的剪切粘度、触变特性和流变特性的影响,优选出松香改性对特辛基苯酚树脂作为抗沉降剂,该体系具有随剪切速率增大,体系粘度降低的剪切稀化的特征,符合Herschel-Buckley流变模型。9.将试验筛选12.5%氰霜唑·吡唑醚菌酯可分散油悬浮剂进行田间试验验证,其对马铃薯晚疫病的防效显著高于市场单剂产品,与同类产品比较防效差异不显著,且在田间有效剂量下,对马铃薯安全,无明显药害发生。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the 21 st century, the ensure food security has always been the focus of attention of the world, therefore, the Ministry of Agriculture to promot the potato became the fourth staple food has become a hot topic. Potato late blight of potato diseases as a primary have attracted much attention, but the long-term application of potato late blight pesticides has a high resistance risk, therefore, screening efficient pesticide and complex formulations is important to slow down the occurrence of resistance. Meanwhile, faced with increasing pressure on the environment, people made a profound discussion on high efficiency, low toxicity, green and environmentally friendly pesticides. In this paper,, through laboratory bioassay, we determined the fungicidal activity and synergism of the mixtures of cyazofamid and pyraclostrobin against Phytophthora infestans, and filter out the best mix ratio of cyazofamid and pyraclostrobin, and studied the effects of different types of plants oil on the surface tension and contact angle, a different kind of crop safety, preliminary inquiry related to the mechanism of pesticides injury. While the modified rosin resin as a thixotropic agent is applied to the pesticide oil dispersion, and discussed its thixotropic mechanism in cyazofamid ?pyraclostrobin can be dispersed in OD. Finally, the produced 12.5% cyazofamid ? pyraclostrobin OD performed field efficacy and safety testing; the main results were as follows:1. Fungicidal activity and synergism of the mixtures of cyazofamid and pyraclostrobin against P. infestans, which result was the optimal proportion is cyazofamid and pyraclostrobin= 4: 1.2. By measuring the surface tension and contact angle of four kinds of plants oil and xylene emulsifiable concentrates, the results obtained that four kinds of plants oils significantly reduce surface tension and contact angle of EC. Where methyloleate, biodiesel oil and epoxy soybean oil compared turpentine oil and xylene can be more powerful lower contact angle on potato leaves, increasing the spread of wetting.3. Test selection of different types of plants oil EC, respectively, was performed the safety test in the potato, cucumber, tomato leaves. Initially the results was that different types of plants oil EC on potato, cucumber, tomato leaves was less secure than xylene EC. And the methyloleate EC is highest security, epoxy soybean oil is minimum.4. By selecting the most sensitive tomato leaves as a representative to research the causes of injury of plants oil, showed that the plant leaves wax layer is dissolved and corrosion by plants oil, and leaf tissue was dehydration.5. Through contrast of screening single and compound emulsifier, selecting the best emulsifier combination: 3.5%SP-80 + 6.5%NP-10+5%VO/02 N.6. Compared particle analyzer method with emulsifying and dispersing after stored, screened out YUS-EP60 P, Finally, through measured the viscosity of different amounts of YUS-EP60 P, and determined the optimal dosage of the YUS-EP60 P was 1.5%.7. After testing softening point and acid determination for different resins, combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the absorption peak of HRGE, HRPE and RMOR disappeared, meanwhile, the absorption peak of ester group was observed compared with rosin.8. The tests measured and compared its oil separation ratio, sensuous flowability and viscosity of 12.5% cyazofamid and pyraclostrobin oil dispersion, and combining its influence of different anti-settling agents on the viscosity-shear rate curves, thixotropic curves and rheological curves. Rosin modified 4-tert-octylphenol resin as an anti-settling agent, which viscosity decreased gradually, as the shear rate increased. And it showed pseudo plastic fluid, accord with Herschel- Buckley rheological model.9. The test screening of 12.5% cyazofamid and pyraclostrobin oil dispersion,which could take a field trials, we found that compared with similar products in the market, the control effect of P. infestans difference was not significant; Effective dose and in the field of potatoes safety, no significant injury.更多还原