【作者】 王丽；

【导师】 谈树成； 李卓卿；

【作者基本信息】 云南大学 ， 自然地理学， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 湿地景观变化研究有助于识别湿地的生态过程,预测湿地的变化态势。生境质量评价则可以帮助制定合理科学的湿地保护和管理措施。纳帕海湿地是最具有代表性的季节性高原湖沼湿地类型,是黑颈鹤重要的越冬栖息地之一,对其景观格局变化及其对黑颈鹤生境质量开展研究,提出保护和管理湿地生态系统对策,对发掘纳帕海湿地生态潜力具有重要的意义。本文以湿地学和景观生态学理论为基础,以ENVI和ArcGIS平台为支撑,通过解译纳帕海湿地1995年、2005年和2014年旱季的LandsatTM\ETM+遥感影像,研究三个时期的景观格局状况,分析纳帕海湿地景观格局变化和驱动因子,并对景观格局变化背景下越冬黑颈鹤生境质量进行评价。主要结论如下：1.从景观类型的面积来看,研究区景观变化显著,主要表现为明水湿地和沼泽-湿草甸等自然湿地景观占比的显著减少和中生草甸、建设用地以及裸地等非湿地景观类型占比的大幅度增加。1995-2005年,明水湿地减少了263.82hm2,降幅达24.84%,沼泽-湿草甸减少了14.29hm2,降幅达1.60%；2005～2014年,明水湿地减少了422.22hm2,降幅达52.90%,沼泽-湿草甸减少了359.15hm2,降幅达40.78%。从1995-2014年,明水湿地在20年间降幅达64.60%,沼泽-湿草甸降幅达41.73%。2005～2014年湿地景观丧失的面积大于1995-2005年丧失的面积,湿地景观丧失的速率也明显快于1995～2005年。2.从景观格局指数来看,1995-2005年期间,斑块数量增加,平均斑块面积减少,斑块之间的平均距离减少,香农多样性指数和香农均匀度指数增加,景观指数的变化说明,这一时期研究区景观破碎化显著,主要以湿地景观破碎化为主；2005-2014年期间,斑块数量减少,平均斑块面积增加,香农多样性指数和香农均匀度指数均减少,这一时期湿地生态变化主要是湿地景观向非湿地景观转变,景观多样性降低。前一时期,景观格局变化以破碎化为主,后一时期以湿地景观向非湿地景观斑块转变为主。]995-2014年期间,研究区景观呈现显著的退化,景观多样性降低。3.纳帕海景观变化主要受自然和人为两方面因素的影响,其中人为干扰影响较为显著。人为干扰主要指湿地围垦政策,当地居民不合理无序的湿地开发行为。近些年来,对纳帕海湿地景观格局的影响较为显著的活动主要是：周边公路的改建、湿地落水洞的改造以及当地居民的放牧活动等,这些都对湿地生态的演替产生了直接影响。加上受全球性气候变暖的趋势的影响,纳帕海地区气候呈现暖干的趋势,气候变化和人为活动的叠加效应加剧了纳帕海湿地的逆向演替进程。4.通过野外实地调查和查阅资料,确定影响黑颈鹤生境质量的三大主要因子：人为干扰因子、食物因子和水分条件,本文根据主要生境因子建立黑颈鹤生境质量评价模型。从生境质量评价结果来看,黑颈鹤栖息地适宜生境和次适宜生境面积呈持续下降趋势,不适宜和次不适宜生境面积呈上升趋势,栖息地破碎化显著,由在坝区均匀分布演变为在研究区北部集中分布。根据研究区景观格局变化、驱动力分析以及黑颈鹤生境质量评价结果,本研究最后从树立科学发展观、提高湿地的保护观念、采取工程措施以及提高管理能力等方面提出了保护纳帕海湿地的对策和建议。针对黑颈鹤而言,从注重加强栖息地的保护与恢复,合理调节水位、保障栖息生境,减少人为干扰和环境污染以及提高宣教能力建设等方面提出了保护其栖息地的措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 The research of landscape pattern change is the important way which could recognize the ecosystem process and understand ecosystem changing mechanism of wetland. Napa Wetlands is the most representative of seasonal plateau lake-ma rsh. Also, Napa Wetlands is one of the important wintering habitats of black-nec ked crane. So, to carry out the study of landscape pattern change and to assess black-necked crane habitat quality would be necessary. In this paper, by interpreti ng the three TM/ETM+remote sensing images in1995,2005and2014with the ENVI and ArcGIS platform supporting, the landscape status and their changes were analyzed, the driving factors were researched, and also the habitat quality o f black-necked crane was assessed. The results show that:1. According to the landscape patch area,the landscape of the research location changed significantly. The natural wetlands declined substantially, such as the open standing water and marsh-wet meadow, and the area of non-wetland landscape increased significantly, such as the mesophytic meadow, construction land and bare land. From1995to2005,the area of open standing water decreased263.82hm2and dropped24.48percent, the area of marsh-wet meadow decreased14.29hm2and dropped1.60percent. From2005to2014,the area of open standing water decreased422.22hm2and dropped52.90percent, the area of marsh-wet meadow decreased359.15hm2and dropped40.78percent. From1995to2014,the area of open standing water dropped64.60percent, the area of marsh-wet meadow dropped41.73percent.The loss area of natural wetlands from1995to2005was smaller than the size of the loss from2005to2014, and the loss of natural wetlands was significantly slower than the rate from2005to2014.2.According to the landscape pattern index, the number of patches increaesd, the mean area of patches decreased, the mean distance between the patches redu-ced, which indicated that the landscape fragmentation was increased from1995t-o2005. From2005to2014, the number of patches decreased, the mean area of patches increased, which indicated that the landscape fragmentation was decrease -d with time. The previous period the main evolution mode is the landscape frag-mentation, after the period of time landscape patches changed into each other th-at became the main evolution mode.3.The main factors of landscape pattern change of Napa wetland was human disturbance activities which included the national and local policies of wetlands reclamation and the unreasonable wetland developments of the local residents. I-n recent years, human activities that had impacted on the landscape pattern of N-apa wetland more significantly including:the highway construction, the alteration of wetland’s sinkholes and the grazing activities of local residents.Moreover, the climate of Napa wetland became more warm and more dry than before in the global warming trend. The combined effects of climate changes and human activi ties had aggravated the reverse succession process of Napa wetland.4.According to field investigation and literature,the main habitat factors of bl-ack-necked crane were human-caused disturbance,food and water conditions.The habitat quality evaluation model was built based on the three major habitat facto-rs. According to the result of the habitat assessment, the area of suitable habitat and second suitable habitat of the black-necked crane reduced on a large area,th-e area of unsuitable habitat and second unsuitable habitat increased on a large a-rea.The habitat fragmention is significant,the suitable habitat distributed continuo-usly had changed into concentrated ditributed in the north of the study area.Finally,the protection measures of Napa wetland and black-necked crane habi tat were proposed according to the analysis of landscape change and the results of habitat quality evaluation.更多还原