【作者】 张娟；

【导师】 王充；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法律， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 非法证据排除规则设立的目的是为了保护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的基本人身权利，警示和限制侦查人员在侦破案件过程中的违法调查取证行为，维护司法的权威性和公正性，在审查证据资格时，注重办案程序方面的合法性，对侦查机关采用非法手段取得的证据不予采信，并通过一定程序将这些非法证据排除在定案证据之外的一种制度。2010年两院三部联合出台了《关于办理刑事案件排除非法证据若干问题的规定》（以下简称《非法证据排除规定》），这一规定，明确了非法证据排除规则适用的范围、证明责任及裁判程序等具体问题，标志着非法证据排除制度在我国正式确立。2012年3月14日修正的《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》（以下简称《刑事诉讼法》）及2012年12月25日发布的《最高人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法>的解释》（以下简称《刑诉法解释》），在《非法证据排除规定》的基础之上，非法证据排除规则的具体内容得到了进一步完善，审查非法证据的时间提前至侦查阶段，审查非法证据的主体范围扩大了，审判机关、检察机关和侦查机关都有职权启动程序，调查审理是否存在非法证据的问题。由此，侦查程序、审查起诉程序和审判程序中审查非法证据排除问题都有了明确的法律依据，操作性明显增强。非法证据排除规则在理论界和实务界多年的呼吁中最终确立，彰显了程序正义的立法理念，表明了保障人权、程序正义的执法态度，是我国刑事立法上的一大进步，是我国刑事司法史上的重要一页。伴随着法治社会的不断进步，保障人权明确写进了宪法，《刑事诉讼法》也明确禁止刑讯逼供和非法取证。这在预防冤假错案，维护程序正义，提高我国法治水平方面起到了重要作用，彰显了程序正义和司法公正的立法精神，使依法治国的立法目标在制度上得到了落实。但这一规则实施以来，也暴露出一些问题，主要表现在该规则的适用范围不够清楚，司法实务中，有时会导致非法证据范围被扩大或者缩小，排除程序难以启动，证明形式化等方面。受侦查人员思想误区和不良职业习惯的影响，以及刑事司法环境的制约，导致刑讯逼供等非法取证现象依然存在。相关事件提醒我们，非法证据排除规则的立法宗旨还需要我们在今后的工作实践中进一步落实。以上问题如果得不到解决，一系列我们已经知道的、甚至还不知道的冤假错案的发生也就在所难免了。本文除引言和结论以外，共分为以下三部分：第一部分，主要阐述我国非法证据排除程序适用现状、存在的问题等；第二部分，是对第一部分所提出的问题进行有针对性的分析，同时也包含非法证据排除程序的一些基本理论；第三部分，主要是关于完善非法证据排除程序的若干想法。这一部分是本篇论文的重点，包括在侦查阶段、审查起诉阶段和审判阶段，如何把握和完善非法证据排除程序方面的有关问题。程序的构建应该以程序性制裁理论为基础，探讨非法证据排除程序在启动、裁判主体、裁判方式等方面的问题。这部分包括对美国、德国等国家有关非法证据排除程序规定的考察与评析，以期为我国非法证据排除程序的完善提供借鉴，使之更加符合我国国情。更多还原

【Abstract】 The aim to establish the exclusionary rule of illegally obtained evidence is toprotect the basic personal rights of criminal suspects and defendants, to caution andlimit the illegal obtained evidence through investigation of investigators in theprocess, and to protect the judicial authority and fairness. When examining thequalification of evidence, the validity of case handling procedures should be paidattention to and the evidence obtained illegally by the investigative organizationcannot be accepted and believed. Some procedures are done to exclude the illegalevidence from the verdict evidence.In2010Supreme People’s Court, Supreme People’s Procuratorate, Ministry ofPublic Security, Ministry of State Security and Ministry of Justice jointly issuedRules on Some Questions on Excluding Illegal Evidence for Criminal Cases(hereinafter referred to as Illegal Evidence Exclusion Rules). Because of this rule, theapplication range of illegal evidence exclusion rules, burden of persuasion, judgementprocedures and other problems are explicitly regulated. It remarks the formalestablishment of exclusionary rule of illegally obtained evidence. On March14,2012,Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to asCriminal Procedure Law) was issued and on December25,2012, Explanation ofSupreme People’s Court Applied to Criminal Procedure Law of the People’sRepublic of China (hereinafter referred to as Explanations of Criminal Procedure Law)was issued. Based on exclusionary rule of illegally obtained evidence, its specificcontent was perfected. The time to examine the illegal evidence is brought forward toinvestigation state and the subject range of examination of illegal evidence isexpanded. All public security and judicial office including judicial apparatus,investigating and prosecuting apparatus and investigative organization have the rightto start the procedures and to research the problem of existence of illegal evidence.Therefore, there is definite legal basis for the problem of examining the illegalevidence exclusion in the procedures of investigation, prosecution and judgment. Itsoperability obviously is increased. The exclusionary rule of illegally obtained evidence was finally set up after many years’ appeal in the theoretical circle andpractice circle. It demonstrated the legislation idea of procedural justice and showedthe law enforcement attitude of assurance of human rights and procedural justice. It isthe big progress in Chinese criminal legislation and is one important page in thehistory of Chinese criminal legislation. With the continuous progress of society withrule of law, assurance of human rights is written in the constitution. Extortconfessions by torture and illegal collection of evidence is also banned according toCriminal Procedure Law. It plays an important role in preventing the unjust, false anderroneous cases, maintaining the procedural justice and improving Chinese level ofgovernment by law. It embodies the legislative spirit of procedural justice and judicialfairness and makes the legislative objective of rule by law practical in the term ofsystem. However, since it was carried out, some problems have also been exposed.The application range of the rule is not very clear. In the judicial practice, sometimesit will cause the expansion or shrinking of illegal evidence range, the difficult start ofexclusion procedures and the formalization of proof. Influenced by investigators’wrong concept and bad occupational habits, and restricted by criminal justiceenvironment, illegal collection of evidence including extort confessions by torturestill exists. The related events reminds us that the legislative purpose of exclusionaryrule of illegally obtained evidence still needs to be put into practice in our furtherwork. If the above problems cannot be solved, the happening of unjust, false anderroneous cases which are known or not known by us will be inevitable.Besides introduction and conclusion, there are three parts in the paper.In the first part, application of current situation of Chinese procedure ofexclusion of the illegally obtained evidence and the existing problems are mainlystated.In the second part, the pointed analysis is done according to the problems putforward in the first part. Meanwhile, it includes some basic theories of procedure ofexclusion of the illegally obtained evidence.In the third part, it is mainly about some ideas on how to perfect the procedure ofexclusion of the illegally obtained evidence. This is the emphasis of this paper. Itincludes how to examine and perfect the related problems about the procedure of exclusion of the illegally obtained evidence in the stages of investigation, review andprosecution and trial. The construction of the procedure should be based on theprocedural sanctions. The problems of procedure of exclusion of the illegallyobtained evidence in the starting, judgment subject and judgment forms are discussed.In this part, the inspection, evaluation and analysis of procedure of exclusion of theillegally obtained evidence in America, Germany and other countries is included,hoping to provide references to perfect Chinese procedure of exclusion of the illegallyobtained evidence and to make it suitable to Chinese national conditions.更多还原