【作者】 王杰；

【导师】 舒小昀；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 世界史， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 本文从欧洲原子能共同体的早期发展历程入手,通过研究20世纪50年代西欧六国的能源形势,探寻六国联合开发原子能的原因以及建立欧洲原子能共同体的必要性。并以欧洲原子能共同体的组织制度为介入点,解析欧洲原子能共同体共同体作为三大共同体机构之一在欧洲原子能早期一体化事业中的运作程序,通过总结欧洲原子能共同体在建立之初几年内的成绩与不足,探寻欧洲原子能共同体对于六国原子能一体化事业及欧洲早期一体化事业的影响。西欧六国的民用原子能开发计划开始于第二次世界大战以后。它与欧洲一体化的历史密切相关。1952年,欧洲煤钢联营成立,欧洲由此迈出真正一体化的第一步。1956苏伊士运河危机发生后,欧洲煤钢共同体六国为了应对能源危机的威胁,对于六国能源形势做了多次研究调查,其中代表性的有《哈特雷报告》、《斯巴克报告》、《欧洲原子能共同体的目标》,这些报告都指出了六国能源供应无法满足未来需求的现实、开发核能的必要性以及建立欧洲原子能共同体的可行性。诚然,欧洲原子能共同体的建立的背后原因是原子能在政治、经济、社会方面巨大的潜力所带来的吸引力。当时,原子能吸引了全世界人民的广泛兴趣,但对于六国来说,原子能也是六国恢复其本国世界政治经济地位的一种工具,欧洲原子能共同体因此而诞生。开发核能所需的人力、物力等资源对于当时国力还未恢复的六国来讲负担过于沉重,只有六国联合起来才能进行核能开发项目。而且,欧洲煤钢联营作为一个超国家机构,历时几年的发展,以及取得的一系列成绩,使得欧洲人对于超国家机构的态度,由最初的未知排斥转变为此后的熟悉接受。于是欧洲六国便成立了“斯巴克委员会”,商讨建立欧洲原子能共同体与欧洲经济共同体的相关问题。美国在整个商讨过程中起到了穿针引线的作用。最后西欧六国在核能这一战略性能源领域,终于达成一致。1957年3月25日,比利时、法国、西德、意大利、卢森堡和荷兰六国签署了《欧洲经济共同体条约》和《欧洲原子能共同体条约》,合称为《罗马条约》。它的签订标志着欧洲原子能共同体的成立。欧洲原子能共同体的最根本目标是在六国创造“核事业快速建立及增长的必要条件”,但欧洲原子能共同体并不是一个凌驾于欧洲国家原子能工业之上的一个超国家机构,成员国国内的原子能工业的发展仍归各国政府管辖,因此,欧洲原子能共同体从创建之初便面临着一个棘手问题：如何妥善协调成员国的国家利益与共同体的集体利益。为此欧洲原子能共同体根据《欧洲原子能共同体条约》从原子能研究、原子能工业活动、核安全控制、国际原子能事务四个方面进行着手处理。从成立之初,《欧洲原子能共同体条约》以及与之相关的一系列次级立法,就为欧洲原子能共同体成员国的所有核活动——核燃料循环工业、核技术医疗应用、食品安全控制以及核材料的安全检查—一提供了一个基本的总体框架。欧洲原子能共同体建立后,原子能一体化事业(主要体现在核能开发)并没有如预想般的那样顺利发展。一方面是由于20世纪50年代末六国能源形势出现了新的变化,六国并没有对此建立起共同的能源应对政策,使得开发核能进入了进退两难的境地,欧洲原子能共同体的核电项目也因此失败。另一方面是因为欧洲原子能共同体忽略了原子能开发中的基本问题——就是社会所能提供给核电站进行科研与初步运营的物质基础。这种无功而返的徒劳对欧洲原子能共同体利益所造成了极大的损害。而且迫切发展核电所带来的过度压力大大限制了欧洲原子能共同体在其他领域的活动。此外,这还与成员国对共同体核能项目态度的转变以及相应的核努力的淡化、六国对于核材料供应预测的失误、美英苏三国对欧洲原子能一体化事业的态度相关。由于核能发展水平取决于核科学知识、技术发展、高素质的人力资源以及经验,但这一切都需要时间,并非一朝一夕就能取得的。不过欧洲原子能共同体在早期发展中仍取得了一些积极成果。这主要表现在欧洲原子能共同体根据现实发展适时修正自己的目标；大力促进原子能科研事业；较短时间内在六国建立了一批核工业(主要是核电站、核反应堆、同位素分离站等)；对六国核共同市场进行了有效的管理；扩充欧洲原子能共同体的基础机构以便更好地发挥自身职能；顺应时代潮流,推动三大共同体机构合并为一。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to explore the causes and the necessities of EURATOM, my thesis starts with the early periods of it by studying the energy conditions of the six European countries during the1950s. Based on the organisation system of the EURATOM, I analysed the operation process of the EURATOM as one of the three communities in the course of the European atomic integration during the early times. By concluding the achievements and the flaws of the EURATOM in its’ early times, I tried to explore its influences on both the course of the six European countries’atomic integration and the course of European integration at early stage.In1952, West German, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which means the first step taken towards the true European integration. As a response to the threat of energy crisis and the deteriorating dependence on external energy resources, enhanced by the Suez crisis in1956, the six states mentioned above made series of surveys on their energy situation, such as Hartley Report, Spaak Report, A Target of the Euratom, etc. All of them indicated the incapability of the domestic energy supplies to meet the increasing demand in the six countries, the necessity of developing the nuclear energy and the feasibility of establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Admittedly, the initial notion behind Euratom was the vast potentials brought by atomic energy in political-economical-social lives. Atomic energy caught people’s fancy all over the world, but for the six countries it was also deemed as the vehicle to recover their political and economical dominance. So the Euratom was born.Owing to the significant manpower, material and other resource levels required, the six country decided that sharing and cooperation would be the best way to develop the atomic technology. Moreover, the achievement of E.C.S.C as a supranational institution had changed the Europeans’ attitude toward supranational institutions, from ignorance and rejection to acceptance. Under the assistance of the U.S., the six countries set up the "Spark Committee" to discuss the establishment of the Euratom and the E.E.C..Finally the six Western European countries reach an agreement in the nuclear energy (as a strategic energy) field. In March25,1957, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the EEC Treaty and the European Atomic Energy Community Treaty, collectively referred to as the "Treaty of Rome", which means establishment of the European Atomic Energy Community.The fundamental goal for European atomic integration is to create "conditions necessary for the speedy establishment and growth of nuclear industries" in the six countries. Since Euratom is not a supranational institute to replace domestic atomic industries, the delicate problem of balance between national interests and those of integration had to be solved. According to the treaty of Euratom, the Euratom found the solution in the following four respects:Atomic research, Industrial atomic activities, Security control in the nuclear field, and International atomic affairs. From its inception, The Euratom Treaty and ensuing secondary legislation provide a framework for all civil nuclear activities, from the nuclear fuel cycle to industrial and medical applications, the control of foods, and safeguards inspections of nuclear materials. The Euratom Treaty serves the public and workers in terms of radiation protection and the use of radioactive substances. It also addresses environmental concerns such as reducing radioactive emissions, responsible waste management and the promotion of sustainable systems.After the Euratom’s founding, European atomic integration did not go smoothly as expected. Firstly, the six countries failed to make a common energy policy corresponding to the developments in the European energy market in1950s, which led to a dilemma of the nuclear power development and the bankrupt of the the Euratom Program for nuclear electricity. Furthermore, Euratom neglected the basic issue in developing atomic energy, which is the material foundations provided by society in both research and initial operation of atomic plants. The ineffectiveness caused great damage to the development of Euratom and great restraint to other interests. The reasons of failure also had done with the changing attitude of the member states and the corresponding dilution of nuclear efforts, the wrong estimates of the nuclear supplies in the common nuclear market, the attitude of the United States, the Britain and Soviet to the European’s atomic integration.Progress in the atomic arts depends almost completely on a fund of nuclear scientific knowledge, availability of technical capacity, highly trained manpower, and experience. All these take time. Nevertheless, Euratom efforts during its initial period produced some positive achievements, for instance, Euratom also timely made amendment of its objectives according to the practical changes; promoted the research and development of atomic energy; created a number of nuclear industries(nuclear power plants, reactors, radioisotopes separation stations. etc) in the six countries in a short time; ensured that the common nuclear market operated in a good way; expanded the Euratom’s infrastructure so as to better play their functions; keep up with the trend of the times to promote the three Community institutions merged into one.更多还原