【作者】 李秀梅；

【导师】 陈滨；

【作者基本信息】 大连理工大学 ， 供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 人的大部分时间都在住宅内度过,居住环境和居住者日常生活密切相关,营造良好的居住环境不仅有利于提高居住者生活品质,同时还可以提高居住者的身体健康和精神健康。本课题来源于国家“十二五”科技支撑计划课题《室内健康环境表征参数及评价方法研究》,主要针对居住环境关联健康状况调查及健康影响评价模型构建等内容开展研究。通过对国内外健康住宅评价方法以及室内健康环境关联影响因素的文献调研,明确了本研究的主要研究思路及问题。本文采用问卷调查、理论研究以及入户实测调查的研究方法,重点开展了问卷调查设计和实施方法、调查数据统计方法、健康影响关联影响评价模型以及主观健康感觉与实际物理环境印证等问题的深入研究,主要研究内容及结论如下：首先,在国内外文献综述的基础上,结合中国国情,开展了《中国城乡居民居住环境关联健康影响问卷调查》,有效调查家庭分布全国27个省份728户家庭；调查内容包括建筑及其周边环境、居住者生活习惯、室内环境、家庭成员健康状况特别是儿童健康状况,共涉及82个调查问题,调查结果为完善居住环境关联健康影响因素的凝练提供了基础数据支撑。同时开展了居住环境关联健康影响问卷调查方法的研究,重点针对问卷整体设计、问卷效度和信度进行了研究,为进一步改善问卷调查的可靠性提供了理论基础。通过对调查数据的统计分析得到健康人群分别与出现SBS状况人群和呼吸道疾病症状人群的不同因素频率分布差异,确立居住环境健康消极因素。并且,通过对居住环境和健康状况的Logistic回归分析,得到居住环境中的健康危害因素,特别是儿童健康危害健康。其次,以关联健康影响模型构建为研究目的,开展了城乡居民对居住环境满意度和重要度的问卷调查。该调查以大连市某中学500户学生家庭为对象,从地域环境、住宅功能房间、健康状况三方面,重点调查了室外环境、交通出行方式、生活服务及医疗服务设施、居住者在不同住宅功能房间生活行为所包含的健康风险、身体和心理健康状况等方面进行了调查。对满意度调查问卷数据建立满意度-重要度四分图模型,结合优势比分析结果,得到目前居住环境需要改善和关注的健康影响因素为社区医疗设施、声环境、运动设施、治安、密集程度和住户交流。第三,通过对得到的居住环境影响因素的整理归类,确立居住环境健康评估模型的评估因素,建立了居住环境关联健康影响协方差(SEM)方程模型,由模型结果计算得到得到室内环境对身体健康权重为0.443,对精神健康的影响权重为0.224,社区自然环境对对室内环境的影响较大,二者关联度为0.87,社区自然环境对身体健康的影响权重为0.567,对精神健康的影响程度较大,影响权重为0.776,其中室外空气品质和绿地影响较为明显。最后,对沈阳十户家庭进行居住环境实测调查,进行实测参数和居住者主观感觉之间的对比分析,发现居住者对热湿环境和光声环境的期望和满意度较规范值范围更广。并且,通过对功能房间实测参数和生活方式以及居住环境的对比分析发现,温湿度波动变化受建筑通风、室外温湿度变化、建筑朝向、面积以及居住人员活动的影响,厨房和卫生间的相对湿度分别受烹饪和淋浴等活动影响。窗户的面积,窗帘均会影响室内自然采光照度,CO2浓度受房间换气状况影响较大。更多还原

【Abstract】 People stay indoors most of the time, so living environment and residents daily life are closely related. To create a good living environment is not only to improve the quality of life, but also to improve the physical and mental health of the residents. This topic belongs to China’s "twelfth five-year plan" science and technology support plan project, that is "A study on health characterization parameter and evaluation method of the indoor environment", including investigation focuses on living environment associated health and building the evaluation model of health impact, etc. Literatures about health residential evaluation method and correlation factors on indoor health environment were summarized, and the main research thinking and problems were identified. In this paper, three methods such as questionnaire> theoretical research and household measurement survey were adopted. Important research as follows, questionnaire design and implementation method, investigation, data statistics method, the evaluation model of the health effects associated impact and subjective healthy feeling to confirm the physical environment. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:First, based on the literature review and combing with China’s national conditions,"China’s urban and rural residents living environment associated health effects questionnaire" has been carried out, including effective survey family distribution of27provinces,728households across the country. Survey content includes building and its surrounding environment, residents living habits, indoor environment, family health especially children health status, which involves82survey questions. The results of the survey to improve living environment associated health factors more concise provides basic data support. At the same time, we conducted a survey method of research about the living environment of associated health effects questionnaire. This study focus on the design of the whole questionnaire, the questionnaire validity and reliability. This study provides a theoretical basis in order to further improve the reliability of the questionnaire survey. Through statistical analysis of survey data, this study gained frequency distribution difference of different factor by means of comparing healthy population is respectively with SBS in the crowd and respiratory disease symptoms crowd, which established healthy living environment negative factors. This study get the health hazard factors in living environment especially for children’s health through the living environment and the health of the Logistic regression analysis.Secondly, for the research purpose of establishing a model associated with health effect, a field of questionnaire surveys has been carried out, about satisfaction and importance degree on urban and rural residents’ living environment. Taking many families of five hundred students as a research object in one middle school in Dalian, especially focusing on the investigations of the outdoor environment, travel mode of transportation, living services and medical facilities, healthy risk, physical and mental healthy behaviors of residential occupants under different functions from the three aspects of geographical environment, residential function rooms, and health status. Based on the results of satisfaction questionnaires, quarter figure model with satisfaction-importance has been established. Combining with the advantages ratio analysis, the current factors influencing on the human health including community health facilities, acoustic environment, sports facilities, security, intensity degree and household communications need to be improved and paid more attentions.Thirdly, establish evaluation factors of the living environment health assessment model and build covariance equation model (SEM) of living environment associated health effects by sorting all of influential factors of the living environment. The result calculated by the model shows that the weight of indoor environment impacting on the healthy body is0.443, and weight of effecting on mental health is0.224; Community environment has a greater influence on the indoor environment, and the correlation between them is0.87, and the weight that community environment influences on the healthy body is0.567, and the community environment has a greater influence on the mental health that the weight is0.776, and the effect of the outdoor air quality and green space is more obvious among the factors.Finally, living environment field study of ten families in Shenyang city has been carried out. Comparative analysis of the measured parameters and the subjective feeling of occupants show that, the values of occupants expectations and satisfaction of thermal, humidity, light and acoustic environment are broader than the specified values. Meanwhile, comparative analysis of the field study parameters, life style and live environmental find that, temperature and humidity fluctuations are affected by building ventilation, outdoor temperature and humidity changes, building orientation, area and residential staff activities. Cooking and shower affect relative humidity of kitchen and bathroom. The window area and curtains affect indoor natural light illumination. CO2concentration is influenced by room ventilation condition.更多还原