【作者】 刘倩；

【导师】 李静；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 植物保护（专业学位）， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 藁城麦田是河北省超高产麦田之一，该地区小麦种植面积达万亩，产量连年领先。随着种植结构、管理措施的改变，导致藁城麦田昆虫群落发生变化。但目前关于超高产麦田昆虫群落的调查鲜有报道。此外，为获得高产，该地存在化学药剂使用不合理的现象，对环境造成负面影响，减少了害虫天敌数量。为实现麦田害虫的合理防控，本文对藁城超高产麦田生态系统中昆虫群落进行系统调查，掌握了主要昆虫的发生规律，针对主要害虫进行药效对比实验，选出了高效低毒药剂，这对小麦高产和安全生产具有重要意义。2013年小麦返青期至小麦收获期，采用淘土、扫网、挂黄板等多种方法对藁城麦田昆虫群落进行调查，结合温度、湿度等气候因素分析该地区昆虫的发生规律。针对麦田主要害虫进行室内和田间药效试验，对比不同毒性药剂的杀虫效果，目的在于指导农民使用高效低毒的化学药剂和生物制剂，减少对环境的污染及对天敌的毒害。在此基础上，初步提出了适合河北中南部超高产麦区害虫防治方案。主要研究结果如下：1、藁城超高产麦田管理比较规范，因此麦田中的昆虫种类相对较少，总计17种，隶属于4目11科。害虫主要有3类，按发生的严重程度依次为：吸浆虫类、麦蚜类和地下害虫类。小麦吸浆虫以麦红吸浆虫为主。麦蚜由麦二叉蚜、麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜3种混合发生为害。蛴螬是当地主要的地下害虫。天敌有4类，分别为：蚜茧蜂类、食蚜蝇类、草蛉类和瓢虫类。蚜茧蜂包括燕麦蚜茧蜂和烟蚜茧蜂，食蚜蝇以大灰食蚜蝇为主，草蛉主要是中华大草蛉，瓢虫包括龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和七星瓢虫3种。在发生数量上蚜茧蜂的发生数量最多，瓢虫、食蚜蝇发生数量次之，草蛉发生数量较少。2、对藁城麦田主要害虫小麦吸浆虫和小麦蚜虫的发生规律进行了调查分析。随气温上升，10cm处地温达到10℃以上时，该地区小麦吸浆虫开始在土壤中活动。4月22日，淘土调查发现小麦吸浆虫开始化蛹。5月4日观察到小麦吸浆虫成虫，但数量极少，5月15日小麦吸浆虫成虫达到羽化盛期，黄板单日诱虫量高达307头。小麦吸浆虫虫体微小，为害隐蔽，成虫期是防治该害虫的关键期。对于藁城地区，5月11至5月15日是防治小麦吸浆虫的关键期。藁城地区麦蚜始见于4月29日，受降雨量大等因素影响，蚜虫数量上升缓慢，5月30日达到发生高峰。在藁城小麦抽穗期在4月底，这也是麦蚜发生初期，此时对麦蚜进行防治，既可控制虫口基数，又可对麦穗形成保护层，是麦蚜防治的关键期。3、为实现藁城超高产麦田主要害虫小麦吸浆虫和小麦蚜虫的绿色防控，分别对不同毒性的常用药剂进行了田间及室内杀虫效果对比。结果表明氧乐果、毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉对小麦吸浆虫均有较好的防治效果，虫口减退率都在80%以上。其虫口减退率从高到低依次为：氧乐果、毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉。4种药剂毒性依次为，氧乐果为高毒，毒死蜱为中，高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉属低毒。根据小麦吸浆虫的发生情况，选择防效较好的中低毒农药交替使用，既保证了防治效果，也减少了高毒农药的使用。高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、啶虫脒毒性低，对麦蚜的防效好，一般防效在90%以上，生物制剂苦参碱·烟碱以及白僵菌BD015菌株对麦蚜的防效也在80%以上。因此麦蚜防治中，可选择上述低毒化学药剂与生物制剂结合使用，以减少化学药剂的使用次数和使用量，实现麦蚜的绿色防控。更多还原

【Abstract】 Gaocheng is one of the super-high-yield wheat fields in Hebei Province. Its plantingarea is more than10000mu and the yield keep ahead for years. The changes ofplantation structure and management measures lead to the change of insect community,while there are few reports about it. Besides, in order to obtain high yield, there also existunreasonable phenomenons of chemicals used, which not only have bad effect on theenvironment, but also reduce the number of natural enemies. In order to control pestsreasonably, we investigated the insect community in the wheat field of Gaocheng andmastered the occurrence regularity of main insects. Through the efficacy trials, weselected high efficiency and low toxicity insecticides to control pests, which was of greatsignificance for high yield and low pollution of the wheat production.From recovering date to mature period, we used many methods, such as washing thesoil, sweeping, hanging the yellow board and so on, to investigate the crop insectcommunity of Gaocheng and combined the climatic factors such as temperature andhumidity to analyze the occurrence regularity of insects. In addition, focusing on themain pests we conducted the toxicities and field control effects to guide farmers to usehigh-efficiency and low toxicity insecticides or biological agents, which can reduce theenvironmental pollution and toxic to natural enemies. According to these results, we putforward the integrated control measure, which is suitable for the wheat insect pests in themiddle and south part of Hebei province. The main results were as follows:(1) The super-high-yield wheat field of Gaocheng is highly centralized managementand standardize, so the species of insects in the field is relatively few, only17species of11families in4orders. According to the severity, the main pests are wheat midge, wheataphids and soil pests. Among the pests the dominant species were SitodiplosisMosellana(Géhin), Macrosiphum avenae Fabricius, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani).There were4groups of natural enemies, including aphidiidaes, ladybugs, syrphid fliesand chrysopids, and the dominant species were Sitodiplosis Mosellana (Géhin) andMacrosiphum avenae Fabricius. (2) We carried on the investigation and analyzed the occurrence regularity of wheatmidge and wheat aphids in Gaocheng. In this area, wheat midge began activities on March20th when the temperature in the depth of10cm underground reaches10℃, and began topupate on April22th. On May4th, we can see a few wheat midge adults, and the numberof adult reached peak on May15th. Wheat midge is small and hidden, so the adult stage isthe critical period to control it. In Gaocheng wheat midge reached peak from May11th toMay15th, so this is the critical period for the prevention and treatment of wheat midge.Wheat aphids began to appear on April29th and reached the peak on May30th. InGaocheng wheat heading stage is at the end of April, and wheat aphids began to occur,take the prevention and control of wheat aphids at this point, not only can control thepopulation base, but also form a protective layer for the wheat. This is the critical periodfor the prevention and control of wheat aphids.(3) In order to achieve the green protection of the main pests include wheat aphidsand wheat midge in the super-high-yield wheat field of Gaocheng county, we conducttoxicities and field control effects with some commonly used insecticides. The resultsshowed that the insecticides include Omethoate, Chlorpyrifos, Beta-cypermethrin andImidacloprid all had good control effect, and the reduce rates are over80%. The reducerate from high to low in turn is: Omethoate, Chlorpyrifos, Beta-cypermethrin andImidacloprid. In these four kinds of insecticides, Omethoate belongs to high toxicity ofreagents, Chlorpyrifos have medium toxicity, beta-cypermethrin and imidacloprid belongto low toxicity pesticides. So according to the happening situation of wheat midge,choosing medium toxicity pesticides with low toxicity pesticides cross use, not onlyensure the control effect, but reduce the use of high toxicity pesticides.Beta-cypermethrin, Imidacloprid and Acetamiprid are all belong to low toxicitypesticides and have good control effect on wheat aphids. The reduce rates of this threeinsecticides are all over90%. Matrine·Nicotine and Beauveria bassiana strains BD015are belong to biological agent, and their reduce rates about wheat aphids are all over80%.So on the prevention and control of wheat aphids, according to the occurrence of wheataphids, we can choose the low toxicity pesticides and biological agents cross use. Notonly can we reduce the use of chemicals, but implement the green protection of wheataphids.更多还原