【作者】 张晔；

【导师】 唐建清；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 索尔·贝娄(Saul Bellow,1915～2005)为二战后美国文坛上的重要作家,他试图通过自己的文学创作对现代人的精神问题作出诊断,促使他们鼓起勇气,重拾生命原有的崇高秩序。因此,生命问题是贝娄最为关注的问题,对这一问题的探讨贯穿在他所有小说中,涉及范围包括：1.个体生命如何在现实世界实现保存；2.生命的本质和意义何在；3.死亡对于个体生命的意义,这三个问题有着层进式的内在联系,而且都基于贝娄对灵魂的思考展开。《奥吉·马奇历险记》是贝娄的第一部长篇小说,贝娄所思考的涉及生命的三个问题在这部小说中就得到了体现,并在以后的创作中不断深化,本文选择《奥吉·马奇历险记》为主要研究对象,并结合相关哲学思想,以主人公奥吉的生命历程为主要线索和切入点,逐层分析贝娄在其中探讨的生命问题,借以窥见他的生命思想。基于此,本文的结构也是渐进式的,共分为五部分：绪论部分首先概述贝娄的文学创作意图和成就；其次总结国内外对贝娄的研究情况,并指出研究存在的问题,确立本文的研究对象、方法、重点；最后,梳理西方生命思想的进程,进而引入贝娄独特的灵魂观,它是贝娄生命思想的起源,也是本文论述展开的前提。第一章为“个体生命的保存”,这是个体生命追寻生命本质和意义的基础。奥吉生命的保存是通过理解现实世界和感知精神世界两方面展开的,因此,在第一节,笔者通过分析奥吉生命历程中的两个大阶段,指出他是在对现实世界由浅入深的理解过程中,逐步确立起自身的存在感；第二节解读了《奥吉·马奇历险记》中几个重要的自然场景和奥吉对大自然的超强感受力,并联系贝娄的自然思想揭示自然对生命“崇高秩序”的启示意义。第二章为“走向精神自由”,贝娄将精神自由作为个体生命的本质和目的,因此,他对生命问题的思考集中在对个体生命如何走向精神自由的探索上。本章仔细解读了奥吉从意识到自由的危机到有意反抗再到最终突破自我,在爱中走向精神自由的生命历程。第一节分析贝娄小说中的人物普遍面临的精神空虚,揭示深层精神自由的危机；第二节梳理奥吉为确证自由本质采取的各种抗争手段,在肯定其抗争精神的同时,指出他屡屡失败的原因是追求的盲目性；第三节以奥吉的爱情经历为线索,揭示爱是个体生命走向精神自由的必修课。第三章为“生命中的死亡”,死亡是贝娄对生命问题的终极之思。第一节首先以贝娄小说中的异化现象为切入点,指出现代人对死亡的恐惧是促使整个现实世界处于异化状态的根源,进而分析贝娄的主人公对死亡的体验,揭示出死亡与自由的关系——死亡是自由的基础。第二节结合贝娄的多部文本分析了贝娄独特的灵魂观,贝娄相信人具有灵魂,而且灵魂有其力量,正是灵魂的力量使人类有了在现世获得永生的可能性。结语部分首先对奥吉的生命历程进行了评价,然后结合贝娄小说的传记色彩对他生命思想的产生做了补充阐释,接着揭示了贝娄所塑造的这些灵性形象的普遍性意义,最后联系战后美国当代文坛的现状肯定了贝娄的生命思想对现代人类生命的启示意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a vital writer of American literary world after the World War Two, Saul Bellow(1915-2005) tried to diagnose the spiritual issue of modern people, to encourage them take heart of grace and regain the intrinsic noble order of life through his literary creation. Thus, the question about life is the top concern for Bellow. Discussion on this question is running through all his novels, which includes:1.How does an individual life keep himself in the real world?2. Where are the essence and significance of life?3. The significance of death for individual lives. These three problems have an inner progressive relationship and they are developed around Bellow’s thinking of soul. The Adventures of Augie March is his first full-length novel. The three questions are embodied in this novel, and were deepened in the later creation. Selecting The Adventures of Augie March as the main research object with combination of related philosophical thoughts, this paper has taken the life course of Augie as the major clue and entry point, so as to analyze the question of life and catch a glimpse of Bellow’s idea about life.On basis of above, this paper can be divided into five parts with progressive structure:Firstly the introduction outlines Bellow’s intention of literary creation and his achievements; Secondly, this paper summarizes the research condition domestically and overseas about Bellow, and then points out the current problems and establishes the research object, method and key point; Finally, it presents the process of western thoughts about life and further introduces Bellow’s special ideas about soul, which is the origin of Bellow’s idea as well as the premise for the further discussion of this paper.Chapter one, named as "The Preservation of Individual Life", is the basis for individual life to seek the essence and significance of life. The preservation of Augie’s life is conducted through the understanding of the real world and the inner world. Thus, in the first section, the sense of self-presence is built during the process of Augie’s understanding of the real word from the shallower to the deeper by analyzing the two phases of Augie’s life course. In the second section, the several important natural scenes in The Adventures of Augie March and Augie’s strong aesthesis to the nature are unscrambled. Moreover, the meaning of enlightening of "noble order" is revealed by connecting Bellow’s idea to nature.Chapter two,"To the Freedom of Spirit", which means Bellow treated the freedom of spirit as the nature and purpose of individual life. Thus, his thoughts about life concentrate on the exploration of how does individual life turn into the freedom of spirit. The life course of Augie is revealed by his consciousness to the crisis of freedom, then to revolt from breakout with the result of entering into the freedom of spirit from love. In the first section, the common spiritual emptiness of roles is analyzed with revealing the crisis of spiritual freedom. In the second section, it has classified the various struggling measures of Augie in pursuit of the freedom, confirming his fighting spirit while pointing out that the reason for his constant failure is blindness. In the third quarter, treating the love experience of Augie as the main clue, it reveals that the love is a required course for individual life to finally arrive at the freedom of spirit.Chapter three,"The Death of Life", death is the ultimate thought of Bellow for the question of life. In the first section, the alienation phenomenon in Bellow’s fiction is the entry point, which pointed modern people’s fear of death is the origin of promoting the whole real world to the alienation. Then analyzing the feeling and experience of death for Bellow’s leading character with showing the relationship between death and freedom, that is to say, death is the basis of freedom. Combined with various Bellow’s works, section two has analyzed his unique idea about soul, he believes that human have souls and souls carry powers, and it’s just the power of soul that has made it possible for the immortality in the real world.In the conclusion, it first provides evaluation for the life course of Augie. Then with combination of the biography features of Bellow’s fiction, it makes supplementary interpretation to his thoughts of life. What’s more, it reveals the universal significance of the spiritual images shaped by Bellow. At last, taking the status of postwar American contemporary literary world into consideration, this paper has affirmed the enlightening significance of Bellow’s thought of life to the contemporary people’s life.更多还原