【作者】 张玉娴；

【导师】 彭正梅；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 比较教育， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 新世纪初以来,澳大利亚在OECD组织的PISA测试中表现较好,成绩一直处于OECD国家的上游水平。然而,近年来澳大利亚的PISA成绩出现持续下滑现象；学生在数学、科学等学科上的参与度以及成绩都呈现出持续下降的趋势；此外,由于教育权利过于分散,各地区教育差异过大,部分地区基础教育完成率也不容乐观……这一切使得澳大利亚联邦政府越来越重视教育公平和卓越,并围绕教育公平与卓越,针对本国基础教育开展了一系列的教育改革。21世纪初工党政府执政后,改变了20世纪末自由党“自我管理”的教育治理思想,逐渐将教育权由地方回收至中央,加强国家对各地区教育的宏观调控,加强国家监测和问责制度。工党陆克文政府上台后,立刻成立“国家课程委员会”,展开一系列国家课程改革,制定了统一的课程标准,并在全国推行。随后,澳大利亚国家评估项目NAPLAN测试也与国家课程接轨,针对全国3、5、7、9年级的学生进行阅读、数学、科学等科目的测试,及时了解全国学生的学业成就以及各地区学校教育情况,进而加强国家对基础教育的监测,促进教育公平和各地教育质量的提升。此外,“标准化”运动也渗透到学前教育以及教师教育体系中,联邦政府制定《早期学习大纲》和《国家质量框架》对学前教育质量进行监督和调控,而《教师专业标准》的制定和修改也为澳大利亚全国教师的专业发展提出了明确的要求和一致的标准框架。在追求教育公平的同时,联邦政府也没有忘记兼顾卓越。2008年的《墨尔本宣言》提出培养卓越青年的口号。在当前全球化和信息化的时代背景下,澳大利亚政府开始重视信息和通讯技术(ICT)教育的发展以及STEM教育。联邦政府积极开展ICT教育,提高学生和教师的ICT素养,培养学生适应技术时代的能力。自由党阿博特政府上台后,积极提升澳大利亚国家竞争力,大力发展STEM产业,制定了一系列STEM国家战略促进STEM教育发展,提高学生STEM学科的参与度。这些改革措施表明了政府巩固中央教育权、加强国家对地方教育的调控,以及兼顾公平与卓越、全面提升教育质量的决心,也体现了澳大利亚政府应对教育全球化的冲击与挑战的教育努力,这些改革经验对于处于基础教育改革关键期的中国,具有十分重要的借鉴价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the new century, Australia has achieved a good performance in PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) and the test scores have been maintaining a high level in OECD countries. However, the PISA scores of Australia have declined steadily in recent years and student engagement also shows a trend of continuous declination. Besides, due to the excessive decentralization of educative power, the regional difference is extremely obvious and completion rate of basic education in some areas is not optimistic... All these make the federal government put more emphasis on education equity and quality and promote a series of educational reforms in domestic basic education. After the Labor Party holding power, the government centralized the education power, strengthened the government’s macro-control and supervisory system, which has changed educational thought of self-government by the Liberal Party completely in the end of the 20th century.After Calvin Rudd leading the Labor Party to Power, the government quickly set up a National Curriculum Council and carried out a mix of course reforms. In addition, a consistent set of curriculum standards was also created and implemented nationwide. Thereafter, the National Assessment Program-Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) integrating with national curriculum tested grade 3,5,7,9 students of the whole country on reading, mathematics and science, which is aimed at investigating the scholastic achievement of these students and the educational status in different areas, and then strengthened basic education monitoring, improved the equity and quality as well. Furthermore, standards movement has penetrated into pre-school and teachers’ education system. The federal government established The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia and National Quality Framework with the purpose of supervising and regulating the quality of pre-school education, meanwhile, the formulation and modification of National Professional Standards for Teachers put forward clear requirements and standard framework for the teachers’professional development.The federal government at the same time to pursue educational equality and doesn’t forget the educational excellence. The slogan of Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young——Australians is cultivating outstanding youth. At the age of globalization and informatization, the government has already begun to emphasize information communication technology education (ICT) and actively carried out ICT education to improve ICT quality of both students and teachers so as to raise their adaptive capacity. On coming to power Abbott Administration actively improved the national competitive power, developed STEM industry and set a series of STEM national strategies in the hope of promoting STEM education and enhancing students’ engagement.All these reforms indicate the federal government determined to centralize educative power, strengthen macroscopical adjusting control, give consideration to educational equity and excellence and improve the overall educational quality. These precious reform experiences have important reference meaning to China, whose basic education reform is at its crucial stage.更多还原