【作者】 刘丽；

【导师】 刘向阳；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 世界史， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 美国是一个非常重视空气污染治理的国家,20世纪70年代,采用“命令-管制”(Command-Control)模式治理空气污染,取得了显著成果,但在一定程度上阻碍了经济发展。20世纪80年代,为继续发展经济,维护工商业的利益,里根政府消极环保,美国空气污染治理政策调整出现停滞。进入20世纪90年代,美国政府开始寻求新的空气污染治理途径,探索出基于市场机制的治理模式,推动了美国空气污染治理政策的创新。同时,美国政府将一些经济评估手段引入到空气污染治理当中,成本-效益分析就是其中一项。对空气污染治理政策进行成本-效益分析,以货币形式量化政策实施的成本和收益,并将二者进行比较分析,为空气污染治理政策的调整提供依据。在空气污染治理政策制定过程中存在诸多环境利益主体,不同主体有着不同的价值取向和利益关系。他们围绕空气污染治理政策展开争论,借助科学技术和成本-效益分析等手段追求符合自身利益的结果,导致非政治化因素政治化,左右着空气污染治理政策的走向。分析环境主体之间的利益博弈,可以透视美国空气污染治理政策的内在机制。文章分为三部分,其主要内容如下:第一部分梳理20世纪90年代以来美国政府对环保的态度、空气污染治理政策以及治理成效。追溯空气污染治理从“命令-管制”模式到以市场为基础模式的转变过程,体现环境与经济的融合。第二部分叙述PM2.5新标准之争,燃煤电厂释放的PM2.5健康影响之争,老旧燃煤电厂改造之争三个具体实例,剖析美国空气污染治理政策中存在的环境主体之间的利益博弈,导致非政治化因素的政治化,环境主体借助科学技术和成本-效益分析等手段追求符合自身利益的结果。环境问题不再单单只是环境问题,其中参杂着复杂的政治、经济问题,凸显着美国空气污染政策的制定的内在机制。最后,阐释成本-效益分析法在美国空气污染治理政策中的运用,并通过解读原始资料对1990年《清洁空气法》修正案进行成本-效益分析,用以评估20世纪90年代以来美国空气污染治理政策的实施效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 The United States attaches great importance to the air pollution control, in the 1970 s, the “Command-Control” mode has been used to the control air pollution, and made significant achievements, but to a certain extent the mode hindered the economic development. In the 1980 s, the Reagan administration to continue to develop economy and safeguard the interests of the industry and commerce, they protect environmental negative, lead to adjust the air pollution control policy in stagnation. In the 1990 s, the U.S. government to seek new air pollution governance approach, they have explored a governance mode based on market mechanisms. they promoted the air pollution control policy innovation, and achieved some results. At the same time, the U.S. government to introduce some economic evaluation methods of air pollution control, the cost-benefit analysis is one of them, cost-benefit analysis was used to the air pollution control policy, quantify the of policy implementation in monetary form, and then compare the costs and benefits, provide the basis for the adjustment of the air pollution control policies.In process of air pollution control’s policy making, there are many environmental stakeholders in different subject has different values and interests. They surround air pollution control policy debate, with the aid of science and cost-benefit analysis to pursue the interest of its own as a result, the fact leading to the depoliticize factors had been politicized, about the air pollution control policies. Analysis environment interest game among the subjects, we can perspective the internal mechanism of air pollution control policy of the United States.The article is divided into three parts, the main content is as follows:The first part combed since the 1990 s, the U.S. government’s attitude to environmental protection, air pollution control policies and governance effect. Traces the air pollution control from the "Command-Control" mode to market-based mode transition, embodies the integration of environment and economy.In the second part describes the new standard of PM2.5, coal-fired power plants release of PM2.5 health effects, renovation of the old coal-fired power plant for three specific examples, analyzes the existing in air pollution control policy environment benefit gambling between main body, leading to depoliticize the politicization of the factors, environment subject with the help of science and technology and cost-benefit analysis method such as the pursuit of interest of its results. Environmental problems are no longer just environmental issues, among them mixed with complex political and economic issues, highlights the internal mechanism of air pollution in the United States policy.Finally, the interpretation of the cost-benefit analysis method applied in air pollution control policy in the United States, and through the interpretation of the original data of the Clean Air Act amendment of 1990, cost-benefit analysis to evaluate since the 1990 s the United States the effect of air pollution control policy.更多还原