【作者】 张璐；

【导师】 宗世祥；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林保护， 2015， 硕士

【摘要】 产卵是昆虫的生活史中至关重要的行为,一些昆虫以卵越冬,初孵幼虫的耐受性和行动力一般不强,因此给卵提供适宜的环境,相对充分的保护以及孵化后充足的食物来源,是昆虫产卵选择过程的重点。昆虫产卵的选择过程可分为四个阶段：寄主的找寻、降落、表面条件评估以及最后的接受或拒绝产卵。在这一过程中,昆虫的触角、下颚须、下唇须、尾须、足以及产卵器等在评价产卵场所时候都起到了非常重要的作用。产卵器作为昆虫进行产卵行为的附肢,在探测产卵场所的微环境、评价并触发产卵决定上起到最重要的作用。本次研究系统的记录并总结了四种不同产卵方式昆虫的产卵器形态以及产卵器上感器的类型,结合产卵行为对这些感器进行的功能性讨论使得对昆虫产卵过程中的感受机制有了更加深入的了解,这也为后期的产卵器感器的研究奠定了坚实的基础,为进一步的电化学、电生理和分子生物学的内容,提供了理论支持。本文以表面直接产卵、刻槽产卵、探测缝隙产卵以及穿刺寄主产卵四种不同产卵方式的昆虫为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜的试验方法,观察分析不同产卵方式昆虫的产卵器构造,产卵器感器的外部形态、超微结构以及分布规律,对四种不同产卵方式的昆虫的感器组成进行分析对比,推断感器的功能,结果如下：1.表面直接产卵型：此类昆虫产卵器的延展性不强,表面上分布着长和短两种亚型的刺形感器,这些感器在数量的分布上没有表现出较明显的规律性。产卵器上的刺形感器在昆虫进行产卵时对产卵场所表面情况进行评价,感受空气中的震动以及用来感受卵的位置从而排列卵块的作用。2.刻槽产卵型：产卵器均为可延伸性的管状结构,它们产卵器上的感器的类型和分布呈现出两种显著不同的模式。包括感器类型全为刺形感器,在长短和分布上区分度高的四种象甲以及一种产卵器末梢分布了锥形感器的一种象甲。长短不一的刺形感器在象甲产卵的过程中,起到了将卵推入刻槽内的功能,而锥形感器的发现也证明了象甲在产卵过程中也会对刻槽内的化学刺激进行感受。3.探测缝隙产卵型：产卵器都为可延伸性的管状结构,且它们的产卵器顶端都具备锥形感器的存在。木蠹蛾产卵器顶端还分布了毛形和刺形感器,这些化学的感受器说明这一类昆虫在产卵选择的过程中与植物之间有较多的化学信息的交流。4.穿刺寄主产卵型：具有特化的原始结构的产卵器,它们的产卵瓣上分布有数量丰富的具备或不具备顶孔的感受窝,这些感受窝的存在使得这些昆虫能很好的感触寄主内部的化学信息,判断其是否适合下一代的发育。5.不同产卵方式的昆虫产卵器的结构与感器的类型和分布呈现出了四种类型之间显著的差异性以及同类型中不同科或不同种的昆虫之间较多的相似性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Oviposition process of insects is one of the most important steps of their lifecycle history, certain insect species overwinter in their stage of egg, and the newly hatched larvae tend to be immobile or slow in movement, therefore, it is essential that the female provide the egg with suitable environment as well as relatively sufficient protection, most of all, make sure that their offspring can have access to enough source of food to finish their larval stage. Four stages concerning the site location of insect oviposition are concluded: host orientation, landing, assessment and acceptance or rejection of oviposition. During this process, the antenna, maxillary palp, labial palp, tarsi, leg and ovipositor are the most vital sensory apparatus functioned in the location and external assessment of host. The insect ovipositor, as the one apparatus directly used in this process, plays a vital role in monitoring the micro-environment of the oviposition site and triggering the final oviposition decision. In this study, we reveal and conclude the ovipositor morphology and ovipositor sensilla on insects of economic values in China, associated with profound discussion of their oviposition behavior, it enables us to have a better understanding of the stimuli sensory mechanism, and furthermore, the communication between insects and plants. This study provides us with fundamental knowledge about ovipositor sensilla, leading to promising further electrophysiology and electrochemistry research.In this study, ovipositor morphology and sensilla morphology, distribution as well as ultrastructure is revealed, in the meantime, via indoor observation of oviposition behavior and studies regarding oviposition behaviors, four different strategies of oviposition are concluded, i.e., direct external oviposition, scar carving oviposition, crack detecting oviposition and host penetration oviposition. Morphology, density and distribution of ovipositor sensilla in different oviposition strategies are compared and discussed for detailed functions, some of the main results are listed as below:1. Insects of direct external oviposition behavior have short ovipositors on which sensilla with two distinct types are distributed. These sensilla chaetica could be used to evaluating the superficial conditions, chaetica hairs could also be used to sensing the air current or vibrations as well as monitoring the location of eggs.2. Weevils with scar carving oviposition strategy have ovipositor characterized as extensible tubes, sensilla chaetica with distinct variation in lengths as well as sensilla basiconica are discovered on their ovipositors. Chaetica sensilla could be used in pushing the eggs into the oviposition scars, basiconica sensilla proves the existence of chemical communication between weevil and host.3. One weevil and three carpenter moths are cataloged as cracks detecting oviposition type. Sensilla basiconica are found on all their ovipositors, while sensilla trichodea are discovered on the ovipositors of carpenter moths. The various chemical sensitive sensilla found on this type of oviposition prove that these insect could be receiving and evaluating a lot of both chemical and mechanical cues from the hosts.4. Ovipositors of the host penetration oviposition type have generalized ovipositor with all or part of the primary valvula structures preserved. Sensilla on these valvulae are sensory pits with or without a terminal pore. These pits functioned in evaluating the inner status of the host and lead to a decision of oviposition.5. The comparison of ovipositor and ovipositor sensilla morphology among insects demonstrating these four different modes of oviposition revealed that ovipositor and sensilla typology, distribution are distinctively different, while within the same mode of oviposition, different insects shared a lot of similarities.更多还原