“无地”如何“自容”

【作者】 刘燕；

【导师】 程世和；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 魏晋士人的思想状态总与魏晋玄学和隐逸思潮息息相关。在追求自我、实现自我的过程中,嵇康处于魏晋玄学由老学向庄学转变的过渡阶段。嵇康内心深藏“宁如老聃”“将如庄周”二者选择取舍的困惑。其人格理想是老子式凝静审慎、平淡冲和的人格,通微达变、清虚自守的人生状态,但是他又吸收了庄子激烈的批判精神,敢于与现实社会相对抗,并最终走向追求庄子式齐物逍遥的精神境界。陶渊明则处于玄学与佛学合流之时,受周易理性精神和庄子委运承化的思想影响,以其退禄归耕的隐逸行为与亦儒亦玄的隐逸精神,最终实践了玄学人生观。敢于“越名教任自然”的“叛逆者”嵇康与“不为五斗米折腰”的隐逸者陶渊明,一定层面上已经成为后代士人的精神偶像。这种偶像形象的形成除了其自身魅力的因素外,与关于他们的史传记载有着一定的关联。史传塑造的形象突出但单一,这与嵇康、陶渊明的自我文学书写存在着一定的距离。较于史传的记载,嵇康“我是我”的书写,毫无保留地呈现一个更为真实、复杂而又单纯的自我；而陶渊明也书写了一个矛盾立体的“我”,并似乎有意识地在书写着向世人说明“我是谁”,突出了自己的隐者形象,显示了以诗文立言传世的意图。嵇康、陶渊明对作为个体的自我与群体的关系有着深刻思考。面对亲情友情的变故、社会的动荡、时间的流逝,他们有了强烈的孤独感。而安全感的丧失、孤独感的侵袭,也促使他们去寻找自己的精神依靠。嵇康选择了含道独往,在琴的陪伴中体“道”；陶渊明则力求在农耕中寻找本原的安全感,用文学来转移内心的孤寂。他们都期望在自然的世界中找寻人生的归止以安顿自己的心灵。嵇康在任性的自然世界中“日夕忘归”,陶渊明最终选择了复返自然,从而为后世士人开拓了一条“往而知返”的心路。更多还原

【Abstract】 The state of mind of intellectuals in the Wei and Jin dynasties always is closely related to wei-jin metaphysics and reclusion thought. In the process of the pursuit of self and self-discovery, Ji Kang in the time of Wei-jin dynasty evolution, was in the transitional stage of metaphysics development from the Old School to Chuang School. There were inner deep confusion when he had to select a choice between Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu. What his personality ideal was that he always could be in the status of stillness, prudence, flat and indifference, just like Lao Tzu. He hoped that he could know everything and become flexible to protect himself, then realize the natural spirit pursuit. But at last he absorbed the view of Chuang Tzu, with the fierce criticism attitude to face reality society. According to his nature, he would reach the realm of the equality of things and happy excursion. Tao Yuanming, affected by rationalism from Zhou-Yi and a sense of destiny from Chuang Tzu in the confluence course of Metaphysics and Buddhism, put Metaphysical outlook on life into practice.Ji Kang put forward the thought of "surpassing the feudal ethical code and living freely". Tao Yuanming’s famous line "never bow down to five dou of rice" means he would not yield to disloyal officials. Ji Kang as a rebel and Tao Yuanming with a bright and aloft personality, to a certain extent, has become the spiritual idol for the future generations. This phenomenon was related to the influence of their unique charm and the historical records about them at that time. The biographies of history shaped prominent but single image, which exists a certain distance to self-writing. Compared with the biographies of history, Ji Kang presented himself more real without reservation, and stated that "I am what I am", who is complex but simple. However, Tao Yuanming tried to mold him into what he thought he should be, showing us a paradoxical and stereo image. Sometimes he consciously told that "who I am" in the literature method, stressing his traits as a hermit, which displayed his intent to hand down a good reputation to a hundred generations.Ji Kang and Tao Yuanming had profound thoughts on the relationship between the individual and the crowd. They felt utterly alone when they face a series of challenges in the life course with the passing years, such as the accident of kinship and friendship, social turbulence. The loss of sense of security and the invasion of loneliness prompted them to look for faithful support. Ji Kang would rather go it alone with the Tao, appreciate profound connotation of the Tao implied into "qin". And Tao Yuanming hoped for original sense of security coming from peaceful traditional country life, also to transfer inner loneliness by writing. They excepted that get to destination of life in the natural world to make heart settle down. Finally, Ji Kang forgot to return toward evening, but Tao Yuanming returned to nature and carve out a new spiritual path.更多还原