清末贻谷放垦伊盟蒙地的历史地理研究

【作者】 王宁；

【导师】 李令福；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 历史地理学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 “清末蒙垦问题”是研究清代乃至近代蒙古社会政治、经济和蒙汉关系的重要课题。清末伊克昭盟地区的放垦是其中具有代表性的区域之一。从目前学术界相关研究成果来看,无论从整体上或者是对伊盟七旗中单个旗为代表的论述,还是对放垦相关问题的研究,都偏重于放垦历史过程的叙述,从历史地理学的角度,探讨放垦区域分布规律、特点等内容的研究成果较少。但对放垦区域分布等相关内容的研究,可以对伊盟地区的发展提供一些建议,这是很有意义的。有鉴于此,本文选取伊盟为研究区域,时间界定在光绪二十八年(1902)到三十四年(1908),试图通过对贻谷在伊盟地区放垦相关内容的研究,探讨放垦区域分布规律、特点等,进而评介贻谷放垦伊盟蒙地所占据的历史地位,并为此地的发展提供一些建议,力图使研究具有一定的学术意义和现实意义。具体而言,本文主要分为五个部分：第一部分为绪论部分。主要包括本文的选题缘由及意义、研究现状、研究内容及方法。对本文所研究的时间及空间范围、研究的主要内容等进行界定。第二部分论述了伊盟的自然地理条件对于大部分区域来说是可以发展农业的,并从清政府面临的边疆危机、财政压力等发面阐明放垦政策实施的历史背景。分析贻谷其人,并论述了其对放垦做的一系列准备工作。第三部分首先将伊盟放垦区域内的土地按照土壤肥瘠、权属的不同等进行分类,并着重分析了放垦前后土地归属权的变化。之后论述了伊盟各旗初、续报垦及勘收情况,并根据档案等记载,将报垦的区域范围示意到地图上。最后对比分析报垦区域内的土地类型,报垦与勘收时间差,报垦区域分布的特点及原因等。第四部分论述了各旗放垦情况,之后对比放垦各区域的章程、各区域放垦土地多少的差异,总结放垦区域的分布特征并分析其原因。对报、放垦区域进行对比,主要从其时间差、区域分布等方面来分析。第五部分将伊盟放垦与同属边疆的黑龙江放垦作对比,分析探讨两地区放垦的异同,评价伊盟放垦的历史地位,并提出借鉴黑龙江放垦之优点,采取合理的措施,促进伊盟地区的发展。通过对清末贻谷放垦伊盟蒙地相关内容的研究,得出以下结论：一、贻谷放垦的主要目的是为了缓解巨额的财政压力,移民实边,保卫边疆安全。二、放垦土地类型多样,不同地域内根据不同自然地理条件,制定的放垦方式与章程各不同。三、放垦前后,土地的归属权发生了变化,由原来蒙旗王公大臣支配的土地,在放垦后归官府支配。四、由于伊盟各旗地理条件、现实状况等的差异,各区域报垦时间有先后,综观整个报垦区域分布特征,主要偏重于西北沿河及南部沿边地带。五、各区域放垦速率、放垦土地多少有很大差异,区域分布从总整体上看主要集中在西北杭、达两地渠地,东南部郡王旗大部分地区、准旗南部及札萨克旗的一小部分区域,东北及西南地区少有放垦。六、报垦与放垦在时间、区域分布上存在差异,因为修渠、抗垦运动等原因,造成报、放垦时间差额或大或小,有的报垦区域没有被放垦。七、伊盟放垦占据着重要的历史地位,不仅开发了河套地区,促进了民族融合,而且促进了这里的农业发展,为此地的经济发展注入了新的活力。在吸取以往教训的同时,借鉴其它地区诸如黑龙江等地放垦的优点,取长补短,更好的发展伊盟地区。值得注意的是,在发展经济的同时,要注重经济与生态环境的平衡发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Be reclamation problems" in the late qing dynasty is the study of the qing dynasty and the modern Mongolian society political, economic, and the relationship between han’s important topic.Put Ken YiKeZhaoMeng region in the late qing dynasty is one of the representative area.From the point of the relevant academic research results, no matter as a whole or is represented by a single flag in the ’seven flag, or to put Ken issues related to research, have put Ken lay particular stress on the historical process of narrative, from the perspective of historical geography, discusses put the content such as reclamation area distribution laws, characteristics of less research results.But to put the related contents of research, such as reclamation area distribution can provide some advice to the development of ’area, it is very meaningful.For this reason, this article selects’ as the study area, time defined in the guangxu28years (1902) to34years (1908), through the valley of mussel in ’Ken related contents of research, explore and reclamation area distribution laws, characteristics, and comments that maketh GuFang Ken’ monte’s historical position, and therefore to provide some Suggestions for the development of, try to make study has certain academic significance and practical significance.Specifically, this paper is divided into five main parts:The first part is the introduction part.Mainly includes the reason of my choice and significance, research status, research contents and methods.In this article the research scope of time and space, the main content and so on.The second part discusses the natural geographical conditions of ’for most areas can develop agriculture, and from the frontiers of the qing government to face the crisis and financial pressure against the clarify the historical background to put Ken policy implementation.Analysis that maketh the valley, and discussed its put Ken do a series of preparations.The third part firstly put ’land reclamation area according to the fineness of soil, such as the ownership of different classification, and emphatically analyzes the changes before and after the reclamation of land ownership.After discussed ’at the beginning of each flag, continue to exploration, and can be closed, and according to the file records, such as the area will be submitted to Ken motioned to the map.Finally comparison and analysis to the types of land reclamation area to Ken and prospecting lag, the characteristics and reasons of reclamation area distribution.Put Ken, the fourth part discusses the flag after contrast reclamation regions of articles of association, the regional put how many differences of arable land, put the distribution features of the reclamation area and analyzes its reasons.Comparing to quote, put reclamation area, mainly from the aspects of its time, regional distribution, etc to analyze.The fifth part put Ken and belong to the frontier of heilongjiang put the’ Ken and comparison analysis to explore the similarities and differences between two regions let Ken, evaluation’ Ken historical position and the advantage of heilongjiang province and puts forward reference put Ken, take reasonable measures to promote the development of ’area.By the late qing dynasty that maketh GuFang Ken ’monte related contents of research, the following conclusions:the main purpose of the one, who brings GuFang reclamation is to alleviate the huge financial pressure, immigration solid edge, defend the border security. Second, put various types of arable land, according to the different natural geographical conditions in different regions, formulate ways and the articles of association of the different.Three, before and after reclamation, land ownership, there was a change from the original flag nobles domination of the land, after put Ken belongs to the government.Four, due to the geographical conditions,’the flag of the diversity of reality, the regional reclamation time has successively, throughout the entire reclamation area distribution, mainly focus on the northwest and south of the border zone along the river.Five, the regional put reclamation rate, put how many there is a big difference between arable land, regional distribution from the total overall mainly concentrated in the northwest of hangzhou, dual channel, most areas of the southeast county Wang Qi, a small part of the flag and Zagreb sarkozy in southern region, the northeast and southwest rare Ken.6, the reclamation and Ken in time, the regional distribution differences, for repairing drainage, reclamation and other sports reason, cause, let the time difference or big or small, some newspaper has not been put Ken Ken area.Seven,’Ken occupies the important historical position, not only develop the hetao region, promote the integration, but also promoted the agricultural development, it is the economic development has injected new vitality.In the previous lesson at the same time, such as heilongjiang in other regions for reference, to put the advantages of reclamation, complement each other, the better development of ’area.lt is important to note that in the development of the economy at the same time, should pay attention to the balanced development of economy and ecological environment.更多还原