【作者】 徐洁；

【导师】 张荣根；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 课程与教学论， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 由Martin等人创建的评价理论是系统功能语言学领域的新发展,用于分析文本的评价意义。评价系统涉及文本的态度类型、资源介入以及情感分级。这种新兴的理论起源于Halliday模式中的人际意义系统,其子系统包括：态度(Attitude),介入(Engagement)和级差(Graduation)。然而现有文献表明,有关评价理论的研究大多以书面语为主,对于影像话语中的评价资源,特别是纪录片话语中的评价资源则较少涉及。鉴于此,本文试分析BBC出品的纪录片《中国人要来了》的话语中所蕴含的评价资源,旨在帮助人们更好地认识纪录片中的评价功能,进而加深对纪录片中所蕴含的中国国家形象的理解。研究问题围绕三个方面内容：一是态度资源在该纪录片中的比率分布以及态度资源如何构建中国国家形象；二是介入资源在该纪录片中的比率分布以及介入资源如何构建中国国家形象；三是极差资源在该纪录片中的比率分布以及极差资源如何构建中国国家形象。本研究试运用评价理论分析《中国人要来了》纪录片中的评价资源。研究采用定性和定量结合的方法。定量研究以UAM CorpusTool、Excel为研究工具。研究对象为BBC纪录片《中国人要来了》上下两部。定量研究通过利用UAM CorpusTool对该纪录片中各种评价资源进行分类标注,然后利用UAM CorpusTool呈现各种评价资源的分布情况并借助Excel软件计算出各种评价资源所占的比例进行。定性研究采用举例的方法,分析各种评价资源如何构建纪录片中的中国国家形象。本研究在评价理论的框架下,对纪录片中的评价功能进行尝试性的研究,结果表明：在态度系统中,有大量的鉴赏资源存在于《中国人要来了》,占整个态度资源的59.46%。在鉴赏资源中,反应资源占鉴赏资源的70.85%。在情感资源中,快乐资源占33.98%,处于大多数。而在判断资源中,社会约束占判断总数的71.42%,远高于社会评判。此外,在整个态度资源中,积极的态度多于消极的态度资源；显性资源多于隐形资源,该资源分别占情感资源的94.17%,判断资源的100%和鉴赏资源的94.62%。该纪录片运用很多积极的鉴赏资源来强调非洲美丽的风景、丰富的自然资源以及中国工人艰苦奋斗的精神,既承认中国人优秀的品质又指出中国人对非洲的破坏。处于快速发展时期的中国需要广阔的非洲市场,巨大的经济利益又驱使大批中国人去非洲吸金；但是由于过分注重经济利益和发展,继而人们也会忽视对环境的保护。使用鉴赏资源,该纪录片通过联结观众的意见来构建一致性观点。而积极的资源更容易被观众接受,所以积极的态度资源被广泛使用。显性资源则帮助该纪录片与观众建立牢固的关系并以一个清晰、明确的方式表达态度。在介入系统中,本研究发现对话性压缩资源占75.31%,多于对话性扩展。具体来说,在对话性压缩中,承认资源占对话性压缩的54.10%,处于大多数。在对话性扩张中,包容资源占对话性扩展的64.29%。介入资源使该纪录片从美国、中国、非洲等多角度呈现出更多的对话性,也使得该纪录片比较客观地构建了一个复杂但全面的中国国家形象。同时该纪录片采用多个收缩资源来抵御不同的声音,以此体现说话者的主张是正当的、有说服力的,且能够使观众信服。在级差系统中,研究发现占极差资源88.01%的语势资源处于大多数。而在语势资源中,数量资源则以54.73%的比例占大多数。在聚焦资源中,明显资源以50.85%的比例稍稍多于占聚焦资源49.15%的模糊资源。与程度、数量、时间、空间相关的词句往往更容易强调需要表达的意义。因而该纪录片中出现更多的数量和明显资源。这些极差资源既强调了中国的快速发展,也反映了西方发达资本主义国家的担忧。通过各种评价资源,该片构建了一个复杂、富有争议但真实的中国国家形象。本文从评价理论角度试分析《中国人要来了》中的评价功能,为纪录片的分析研究提供了新的视角,同时拓宽了评价理论研究领域。本研究结果对英语教学具有一定的启示：从教师的角度来看,在利用纪录片的过程中,教师应该选择与教学内容相关的纪录片,并剪辑片段,辅助教学,引导学生从价值观、词汇选择、多文化交际角度鉴赏纪录片。同时,教师应该运用评价理论分析纪录片中的话语,加深学生的分析理解能力,从而促进其英语表达水平、多元文化理解能力和感悟能力的提高；从学生的角度来看,通过观看分析纪录片,学生能够更好地理解、表达中西方文化。学生还应该借助评价理论来分析纪录片中的评价资源,特别是西方媒体拍摄的有关中国的纪录片中的评价资源,继而加强运用英语表达自己民族文化的能力,并进一步帮助自己辨析纪录片言语中体现出来的意识形态和文化的碰撞,并学会阐明自己的观点和立场。更多还原

【Abstract】 Appraisal Theory proposed by Martin and his colleagues is an approach to explore the evaluative meaning of discourses. Appraisal Theory is concerned with types of attitude, usage of engagement and graduation of feelings. The theory is traceable to the Halliday’s interpersonal meaning system. This newly developed theory consists of three categories: Attitude, Engagement and Graduation. However, most of the researchers focus their attention on discourse analysis, pointing at writing language. Similar research has rarely been found as regards film language, and even more scarcely to analyze the appraisal resources in documentaries.Against such a research background, this study intends to analyze the appraisal resources in The Chinese Are Coming, a documentary produced by BBC. It is hoped that our research can make people feel more related to the mechanism and appraisal functions in documentaries and thus have a better understanding of China’s national image in The Chinese Are Coming. For this purpose, this study seeks to answer three research questions:(1) What are the distributions of attitude resources in the documentary and how are these attitude resources adopted to construct national image of China?(2) What are the distributions of engagement resources in the documentary and how are these engagement resources adopted to construct national image of China?(3) What are the distributions of graduation resources in the documentary and how are these graduation resources adopted to construct national image of China?This study is a tentative analysis of appraisal resources of The Chinese Are Coming under the framework of appraisal system. This study employs the mixed design of quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the study of this thesis, quantitative approach is adopted to describe and analyze the distributions and frequencies. The descriptive statistics analysis will be performed by categorizing the identified appraisal resources via UAM CorpusTool and presenting the major findings by UAM CorpusTool and Excel.Then qualitative approach is applied to analyze the results obtained by means of UAM CorpusTool and as well interprets different realizations of appraisal resources in the target texts.The data analysis generated the following results: Firstly, in the domain of Attitude, there are a great number of appreciation resources distributing in The Chinese Are Coming, its proportion is59.46%of the total attitude resources. As for Appreciation, reaction resources take up70.85%of appreciation resources. In terms of Affect, satisfaction resources rank the first, taking up33.98%of the total affect resources. While in the judgement resources, the number of social sanction resources taking up71.42%of the total judgement resources is much more than that of social esteem. In the whole attitude resources, positive attitude resources are more than negative ones. Explicit ones account for94.17%of affect resources,100%of judgement resources and94.62%of appreciation resources respectively. The documentary applies a lot of positive appreciation resources to tell the audience the wonderful views, rich natural resources of Africa and the hard work of Chinese, which admits the good qualities of Chinese and also accentuates the China’s destroy of such magnificent nature resources. China with rapid development needs extensive Africa market and huge economic interests drive a large number of Chinese to Africa; but because of overmuch emphasis on the economic benefits and development, people may ignore the protection of the environment. By using appreciation resources, it is to arouse the shared opinions from the audiences to construct the solidarity. And positive resources are easier to be accepted by the audiences, by the extensive use of positive attitude resources, the documentary builds solid relationship with the audiences and expresses attitudes in clear, unambiguous ways.Secondly, in the domain of Engagement, the thesis finds that contractive resources taking part of75.31%of the total engagement resources are much more than expansive ones. In terms of Contractive, proclaim resources holding54.10%of contractive resources take a larger part. As for Expansive, entertain ones take up64.29%of expansive resources. Engagement resources make the documentary address more dialogic from the perspectives of American, Chinese and African, etc, which helps to objectively describe a complex and all-round national image of China. The documentary employs more contraction resources to fend off the alternative voices, thus presents its’own propositions as warrantable and persuasive, and aligns the audience.Thirdly, in the domain of Graduation, it is found that there are much more force resources holding88.01%of the total graduation resources than those of focus resources. As for Force, qualification resources taking up54.73%of total force resources are used more often than intensification ones. And in terms of Focus resources, sharpen resources account for50.85%of the total focus resources. Words related to degree, number, extent of time and space are easily used to emphasize the meanings. And fuzzy words are usually avoided except in expressing feelings. Thus there are more qualification resources and sharpen resources in the documentary. These graduation resources emphasize the rapid development of China, and also reflect the misgivings of western developed country.All these appraisal resources construct a complex and controversial national image of China. This thesis might provide a new approach for the study of documentary by exploring appraisal functions in The Chinese Are Coming. The major findings generated from this study may have some pedagogical implications:from the perspective of the teachers, during the process of English teaching, the teacher should show the video of related documentaries according to the teaching content, and pause the video constantly when interpretations are needed. Then with the help of Appraisal Theory, teachers should help students understand documentaries better from the aspects of value orientation, lexical choice, cross-cultural communication, etc. From the perspective of the students, students could learn cultural connotations and express their special expressions of culture via making use of documentaries. And they also are able to take advantage of Appraisal Theory when they utilize documentaries from the western media, especially from documentaries with bias and prejudice.更多还原