【作者】 刘勇；

【导师】 姜兴印；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农药学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 本试验旨在明确化学杀菌剂多次施药对苹果连作障碍的调控作用,为防治苹果连作障碍提供重要的配套应用技术。本试验通过大田药剂混土施药的方式,研究代森锰锌施药1年、施药2年和施药3年,多菌灵、咯菌腈、福美双施药1年和施药2年对连作苹果园土壤微生物、果树生长量、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量和土壤酶活性的影响,并确定四种药剂最佳的施药次数。1.在大田试验中,四种杀菌剂对有害真菌-尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schl)和串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme Sheld)表现出明显的抑制作用,其中咯菌腈的抑制作用最强,咯菌腈施药1年对镰刀菌的抑制率为42.1%-53.7%,施药2年抑菌率为52.4%-74.8%；其次是代森锰锌,代森锰锌施药1年抑菌率为36.3%-44.9%,施药2年抑菌率为42.7%-66.4%。多菌灵和福美双也显著的降低了有害真菌的数量,改善了土壤根际的微环境。连续2年施药能进一步抑制镰刀菌的生长。2.四种杀菌剂连续2年施药能进一步促进连作幼树的生长,幼树的根系活力及叶绿素含量也相应提高,表现出对果树生长的促进作用,明显的缓解了连作障碍。其中,代森锰锌效果最好。四种杀菌剂都能提高连作果树根系活力,表现最好的是咯菌腈处理。咯菌腈、代森锰锌和福美双都对果树叶片叶绿素含量有较明显的提高。3.四种杀菌剂对连作果园土壤酶影响的调查中发现,各处理对土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性的影响都表现出了“先抑制一后激活”的动态变化。其中,代森锰锌能激活连作果园土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,施药2年的处理激活率最高分别为71.3%和48.1%。咯菌腈施药2年对土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶表现出较好的激活作用,激活率最高分别为39.5%和79.5%。福美双施药2年对土壤中性磷酸酶激活作用明显,激活率为62.2%。连续施药是否能提高土壤酶活性针对不同的药剂有不同结果。4.根据2011年和2012年的结果调查发现,代森锰锌对连作果树的促进作用最明显。2013年的调查结果显示连续3年施药能进一步减少土壤镰刀菌数量,并且已经接近非连作果树土壤镰刀菌的数量。但是对连作果树的长势调查发现,施药1年、施药2年和施药3年的调节效果差别不大,说明代森锰锌只在移栽时施药1次就能达到较好的调节效果,连续2年施药果树长势有小幅度提高。而且,代森锰锌处理的连作果树的长势已经接近非连作果树。因此,代森锰锌防治苹果连作障碍时,施药1-2次效果最好。更多还原

【Abstract】 This test is aimed to define the effect of chemical fungicide pesticide sprayed several times to replant apple tree and find a supporting application technology. A pot experiment which chemical fungicides mixed with soil was carried out to explore mancozeb, fludioxonil, thiram, carbendazim which sprayed in the first year%successively sprayed2years and successively sprayed3years in a new replanted apple orchord by testing the population of Fusarium, fruit tree growth, root activity, chlorophyll content of leaves and soil enzyme activity to determine the optimal frequency of four fungicides used.1. In field trials, four kinds of fungicides against harmful fungi(Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme) showed significant inhibitory effect which fludioxonil appeared the most obvious effect, mixed with soil when transplanting pesticide treatment, Fusarium inhibition rate of42.1%-53.7%sprayed in the first year and inhibition rate of52.4%-74.8%sprayed2years in a row. Followed by mancozeb, inhibition rate of36.3%-44.9%sprayed in the first year and inhibition rate of42.7%-66.4%sprayed2years in a row, the effect of carbendazim was relatively weak, but also significantly reduced the amount of harmful fungi and improve rhizosphere microenvironment. Two consecutive years spraying could have better inhibitory effect on the growth of Fusarium.2. There were significantly contribution to the growth of succession cropping young trees, enhancement on root activity of young trees and chlorophyll content of saplings, promotion of the growth of fruit trees and obviously ease of cropping obstacles, after treated soil with the four fungicides. Two consecutive years spraying of the four fungicides could have better growth-promoting effect on the fruit trees. Among of them, mancozeb worked best. The four fungicides all could improve root activity of the cropping fruit tree, and the fludioxonil performaed best. Fludioxonil, mancozeb and thiram all have significant improve on chlorophyll content of leaves in the fruit trees.3. Four fungicides investigation on soil enzyme in continuous cropping orchards, all the treatment on catalase, urease, sucrase and neutral phosphate in the soil have shown a "first suppression-after activating " dynamic changes. Among them, mancozeb could activate the activity of invertase and urease in cropping orchard soil, and the highest activation rates were 71.3%and48.1%sprayed2years in a row. Fludioxonil on soil catalase and invertase showed better activation activation and the highest rate was39.5%and79.5%sprayed2years in a row. Thiram showed bets activation on soil neutral phosphatase and the rate was62.2%sprayed2years in a row. Whether continuous spraying could improve soil enzyme activity for different agents had different results.4. According to the2011and2012survey results found that mancozeb to promote fruit cropping most obvious. The survey in2013showed that treatments for three consecutive years could further reduce the number of Fusarium which was close to the number of non-cropping soil. But the survey for the trees’ growth showed that spraying pesticide forl year or2years and3years successive, the moderating effect for fruit trees differed slimly which indicated that spraying mancozeb only once at the time of transplanting would be able to achieve better regulation effect, spraying for2consecutive years could gain small improvement on trees’growth. Moreover, trees’ growth was close to non-continuous cropping orchards. Therefore, mancozeb for controlling apple obstacles, spraying1or2times was best.更多还原