【作者】 高巍；

【导师】 周连仁；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 黑钙土是一种有机质含量充足,养分含量较高,但随着农业开垦自然环境侵蚀,使得土壤肥力严重下降,土壤盐碱化加剧,使黑钙土成为“不毛之地”。因此,合理的栽培和灌溉措施正确利用保护黑钙土这一珍稀资源已迫在眉睫。本实验以黑龙江省肇州县二井镇的黑钙土为供事土壤。试验设置五个模式,通过不同的栽培方式,不同的灌溉方式,分浅土层(0～1Ocm)、中土层(10-30cm)和深土层(30-50cm)。在不同时期对土壤中土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤电导率和土壤氮素含量等物理化学性质的动态变化和分布特征,分析不同栽培模式和灌溉方式对玉米产量的影响,从而了解不同模式下对玉米产量的影响。通过尝试不同的栽培灌溉模式,选取出节水、优质高产的最佳模式。同时深入研究膜下滴灌的应用方式,对农业生产实践上起到的指导促进作用,实现我国农业可持续性发展有着重要的作用。研究结果表明：从物理性质上比较：(1)温度：土壤温度在土壤剖面上,从浅层土10cm、中层土30cm、深层土50cm逐渐下降,同时随着气温的降低,土壤各层温度随着生育期的推移逐渐降低。(2)土壤含水量,在玉米整个生育期内,土壤剖面的土壤含水量从浅层土到深层大致呈先增高后降低的趋势,在10-30cm土层土壤含水量达到最大。单垄双排苗+膜下滴灌模式各土层土壤含水量高于其他模式。生育期内土壤各模式的不同土层间土壤水分含量相差不大。(3)电导率,苗期单垄双排苗模式各土层土壤电导率要低于单垄双排苗+膜下滴灌模式,膜下滴灌可以降低各土层中土壤电导率,对于不覆膜的模式随着土壤剖面的深入电导率逐渐下降,而膜下滴灌的土壤电导率先下降后升高。对于覆膜的比较拔节期后揭膜,抽穗期土壤电导率各土层电导率相比一直覆膜的土壤电导率略有升高。(4)容重,膜下滴灌可以降低土壤容重,其中模式四的土壤容重为1.193g/cmm"2,相比于不覆膜的模式一下降了5.63%,土壤容重较低可以提高土壤的通气性,促进微生物的繁殖,提高作物根系对土壤中的水分和养分的吸收。从化学性质上比较：不同的灌溉时期下各模式的不同土层的土壤铵态氮和土壤硝态氮含量从浅土层到深土层均呈现降低的趋势,膜下滴灌的模式土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量相比非覆膜的模式含量较低。从玉米产量上来看模式五的产量达到最高的13730.22kg/hm2,相比于模式一的10522.73kg/hm2增产1744.98kg/hm2,模式二相对于模式五产量相近为13196.96kg/hm2,从经济收益的分析得出模式二的经济效益最高,因为时针喷灌的设备费用较高,综合分析,模式二的单垄单排苗,膜下滴灌在拔节期后做揭膜处理经济收益最高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chernozem is a high organic matter content, soil nutrient adequate soil, But with the erosion of agricultural reclamation of the natural environment,making a serious decline in soil fertility, soil salinization exacerbated, that make chernozem become "barren land." Therefore, a reasonable cultivation and irrigation measures the correct use of protective chernozem this rare resource is imminent.In this experiment, HeilongjiangZhaozhou Er Jingzhen chernozem soil was for something. Experimental set up five model through different cultivation methods, different irrigation methods, sub shallow soil (0～10cm), in soil (10～30cm) and deep soil (30～50cm). At different times of the dynamic changes in soil characteristics and distribution of soil moisture, soil temperature, soil conductivity and soil nitrogen content and other physical and chemical properties, analyze the impact of different cultivation patterns and irrigation methods on corn yield, to understand the different modes of corn yield. By trying different cultivation irrigation mode, select the best mode of water-saving, high yield and quality. Meanwhile depth study of the application of drip irrigation under way for agricultural production practices play a guiding role in promoting the realization of sustainable development of agriculture plays an important role. The results show that:From the physical nature of the comparison:(1) Temperature:soil temperature in the soil profile, shallow soil from10cm, middle earth30cm,50cm deep soil gradually decreased, while with decreasing temperature, the temperature of the soil layers with the growth period goes on decreasing.(2) soil moisture in the corn throughout the growth period, soil moisture from the soil profile to a depth shallow soil substantially decreased after the first increase in10-30cm soil layer moisture maximized. Single mode ridge double seedlings+Drip Irrigation water content of each soil layer is higher than the other modes. Between the different layers of soil fertility period of soil moisture content in each mode or less.(3) conductivity, seedling seedlings mode for each single-row soil ridge soil conductivity is lower than the single mode ridge double seedlings+Drip Irrigation, drip irrigation under various soil can reduce soil conductivity, are not covered for film mode with in-depth profiles of soil conductivity decreased, but after the first drop Drip Irrigation soil electrical conductivity increases. For comparison jointing stage after removing film coating, soil conductivity heading soil conductivity of soil conductivity compared to each film has been elevated slightly.(4) bulk density, Drip Irrigation can reduce soil bulk density, soil bulk density is one of four modes1.193g/cm-3, compared to a model without film fell5.63percent, lower soil bulk density can improve soil aeration, promote microbial growth, improve crop root absorption of soil moisture and nutrients.From the chemical nature:soil ammonium and nitrate content of different layers of soil under different irrigation during each mode from shallow to deep soil soil showed a decreasing trend, the pattern of soil ammonium Drip Irrigation nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content compared to non-low pattern coating. Ammonium nitrogen content of the soil as the soil is not easily reduced leaching, and the loss of soil nitrate leaching the soil with more.From the point of view modes yield corn yield five highest13730.22Kg/hm-1, compared to model one of10522.73Kg/hm-1increase1744.98Kg/hm-1, two-phase model is similar to the mode of production is13196.96Kg five/hm-1, derived from the analysis of the economic benefits of the highest economic model Ⅱ, because of the high cost of equipment sprinkler hour, comprehensive analysis, two single-mode single-row ridge seedling, Drip Irrigation in the jointing stage do Jiemo deal with the highest economic returns.更多还原