【作者】 李小丽；

【导师】 谢广文；

【作者基本信息】 青岛科技大学 ， 材料物理与化学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来，具有管状结构的纳微材料引起了人们的广泛关注。随着纳米科学技术的迅速发展，纳米管以其特殊的管状结构，独特的力学、化学、电学和光学性质以及材料的多样性在众多领域得到越来越多的研究和应用。这种独特的中空管状结构，使其在催化、传感、燃料电池、生物分离和生物医学等领域具有广阔的应用前景。模板法由于具有简单、可控、有序、通用性强等特点，已经成为制备纳米材料的最常用方法之一。本文重点研究了以纳米螺旋碳纤维、蜘蛛丝纤维以及玻璃微球作为模板材料，利用化学镀镍及化学镀铜工艺，制备了金属镍和金属铜的纳米管、金属镍的微管以及金属镍的空心微球的方法。该方法包括模板的预处理、化学镀、去模板及产物的还原。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、能量色散X射线谱仪(EDX)、粉末-X射线衍射(XRD)对产物进行表征。结果表明，利用化学镀模板法可以获得不同成分的金属纳微管及金属微球，其空腔尺寸取决于模板尺寸，壳层厚度可通过改变反应时间控制。本文还通过利用硝基苯液相加氢的试验，对不同结构形貌镍-磷产物的催化活性进行了评价。在相同的反应条件下，硝基苯的转化率从高至低顺序依次为：Ni-P(hollowspheres)＞Ni-P(tubes，spider silk)＞Raney-Ni＞＞Ni-P(tubes，480℃)；从不同结构形貌的镍-磷产物催化剂的使用次数对硝基苯转化率的影响上来看，Ni-P(tubes，480℃)的活性较差，其余两种催化剂的活性较好，使用寿命高，重复使用5次活性无明显下降。结合XRD及SEM表征对其催化性能的结果进行了分析，结果表明，非晶态Ni-P催化剂表面的Ni原子催化活性高，对硝基苯具有非常高的选择性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Recently, organic, inorganic and metallic tubular nanostructures have arousedconsiderable interest due to their exceptional physical properties and potentialapplications as gas and fluid paths or reservoirs in catalysis, fuel cells, sensors, andseparation systems. Template synthesis is a widely accepted method for preparingtubular nanostructures because of its ability to control the dimensions of nanotubes.The preparation of metal nano-tubes, micro-tubes and micro-spheres viaelectroless plating using carbon nanofibres (CNFs), natural spider silk fibres and glassmicro-spheres as templates were investigated in this paper. The process included thepretreatment of the templates, electroless plating, removing of the templates and thereduction treatment. The final products were characterized by Scanning ElectronMicroscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy DispersiveX-ray Spectrometer (EDX) and X-ray powder Diffractometer (XRD). The results showthat different metal nano-tubes, micro-tubes and micro-spheres can be prepared byelectroless plating using different structure templates. In this method, it is convenientto control the dimension and the shape of the obtained products by using differenttemplates and controlling deposition time.The catalytic activity of different structure Ni-P products was also studied in this paper. The liquid-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene reaction system was used totest the catalytic activity. Under the same experimental condition, the order of theconversion rate of nitrobenzene was Ni-P(hollow spheres)＞Ni-P(tubes, spider silk)＞Raney-Ni＞＞Ni-P(tubes, 480℃). After utilized 5 times, the life-span of the Ni-P(hollow spheres) was the best one among all the catalysts. The catalytic activity ofNi-P(tubes, 480℃) decreased after used 2～3 times. The experimental results revealedthat the catalytic activity of those Ni-P noncrystalline alloy catalysts is better thancrystal alloy catalYst and the structure of catalysts is also important to the catalyticactivity.更多还原