【作者】 王凯；

【导师】 曹帮华；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 森林培育， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 林分空间结构决定了树木之间的竞争势及其空间生态位，在很大程度上影响着林木的生长和林分的稳定性、发展的可能性和经营空间的大小。分析和重建林分空间结构是创建新一代林分生长模型的重要基础，也是制定森林经营规划方案的前提；林内景观质量评价是景观资源管理系统的重要环节，是保护和利用林分的前提。本文以鲁山国家森林公园为研究对象，对园内油松、麻栎、刺槐和侧柏纯林从空间结构及景观质量两方面对鲁山地区风景林景观进行分析，并将空间结构参数及其它景观分解要素结合美景度建立景观评价模型，对油松麻栎混交林和刺槐麻栎混交林做空间结构分析。旨在通过研究，揭示森林景观与空间结构的内在联系，为指导森林经营管理提供理论依据，以便更好的发挥森林生态效益与景观效益。主要研究结论如下。空间结构方面，鲁山国家森林公园主要林分的分析结果如下：（1）从林木个体空间分布格局上看，油松、刺槐、侧柏纯林的平均角尺度分别为0.484、0.503、0.504，分布方式均为随机分布；麻栎纯林的平均角尺度为0.474小于0.475，为均匀分布；油松麻栎混交林的平均角尺度为0.488，混交林总体为随机分布；刺槐麻栎混交林的平均角尺度为0.514，混交林总体为随机分布。（2）从林木个体大小分化程度上看，油松、麻栎、刺槐、侧柏纯林的平均大小比数分别为0.484、0.482、0.498、0.478，各林分在大小比数Ui=0到Ui=1的株数比例相差不大，说明在空间结构单元内，不同径级的林木胸径分布较均匀，林木个体分化程度较大；油松麻栎混交林平均大小比数为0.481，油松平均大小比数为0.444，麻栎平均大小比数为0.508。说明大部分油松在其空间结构单元中处于优势地位，而麻栎则以劣势木和极劣势木及中庸木居多；刺槐麻栎混交林平均大小比数为0.469，刺槐平均大小比数为0.393，麻栎平均大小比数为0.509。说明绝大部分刺槐在其空间结构单元中处于优势地位，而麻栎多以劣势木和极劣势木及中庸木的状态存在。（3）从树种的空间隔离程度上看，油松麻栎混交林和刺槐麻栎混交林的平均混交度为0.400、0.316，林分中零度混交与弱度混交所占的比例较大，说明混交林林分内树种混交程度较低，林分中同种树大多聚集在一起，混交林处于混交不良的范畴。森林景观质量方面，本文采用心里物理学方法中的美景度评价法对鲁山国家森林公园油松、麻栎、刺槐和侧柏纯林进行分析，结合林分的空间结构参数利用SPSS中的Backward法建立模型，模型构建结果如下：（1）油松纯林景观评价模型：y=-5.475+0.69x71+0.659x103-0.265x122+0.144x3+0.2x4影响油松纯林景观美景度的主要因子为平均胸径、平均树高、自然整枝、林下层统一度和树干弯曲度5个因子，各因子对美景度贡献的大小顺序依次为：平均胸径＞平均树高＞树干弯曲度＞林下层统一度＞自然整枝。（2）麻栎纯林景观评价模型：y=1.493-0.79x101-2.38x1+0.14x3影响麻栎纯林景观美景度的主要因子为角尺度、平均胸径和林下层统一度，各因子对美景度贡献的大小顺序依次为：平均胸径＞林下层统一度＞角尺度。（3）刺槐纯林景观评价模型：y=1.838+0.563x71-0.559x72-0.579x73+0.082x91-0.428x93+0.376x113-0.543x122-0.726x6影响刺槐纯林景观美景度的主要因子为郁闭度、自然整枝（几乎没有、明显、极醒目）、枯落物（几乎看不到、均匀分布）、色调变化（富于变化）、树干弯曲度（稍有），各因子对美景度贡献的大小顺序依次为：自然整枝（几乎没有）＞色调变化（富于变化）＞枯落物（几乎看不到）＞枯落物（均匀分布）＞树干弯曲度（稍有）＞自然整枝（明显）＞自然整枝（极醒目）＞郁闭度。（4）侧柏纯林景观评价模型：y=-2.387-3.047x72+1.218x111+0.956x5+1.133x121影响侧柏纯林景观美景度的主要因子为色调变化、树干弯曲度、林分密度、自然整枝，各因子对美景度贡献的大小顺序依次为：色调变化＞树干弯曲度＞林分密度＞自然整枝。更多还原

【Abstract】 Stand spatial structure determines the competition and spatial niche between the treesand to a great extent, it affects the growth and stability of forest, the development potentialand the size of management space. Analyzing and reconstructing the stand spatial structure isan important basis for creating a growth model of a new generation of stand and is also thepremise of making forest management plans. The forest landscape quality evaluation is animportant part of the landscape resource management system, and is also the premise ofprotecting and utilizing forest.Taking Lushan National Forest Park as the research object, we analyzed the spatialstructure and landscape quality of four pure scenic forests of Pinus tabulaeformis, Quercusacutissima,Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis. Then we set up a landscapeevaluation model by combining the forest spatial structure parameters and other landscapeelements with the scenic beauty and analyzed the spatial structure of the Pinus tabulaeformisand Quercus acutissima mixed forest and the Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissimamixed forest. The research aimed to reveal the inner link between forest landscape and spatialstructure and provide theoretical basis for forest management so as to better display theforest’s ecological and landscape functions. The main research conclusions are shown below.With respect to the spatial structure, the analysis results of main forest types in LushanNational Forest Park are as follows.(1) Viewed from the spatial distribution of tree individuals, the mean uniform angleindex of pure pinus tabulaeformis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis forestsare0.484,0.503and0.504, and they are randomly distributed. While the mean uniform angleindex of pure Quercus acutissima froest was0.474, which is less than0.475and uniformlydistributed. The Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus acutissima mixed forest has a meanuniform angle index of0.488and the mean uniform angle index of overall mixed forestbelongs to random distribution. The Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima mixedforest is0.514and in general is randomly distributed.(2) Viewed from the differentiation degree of tree size, the mean neighborhoodcomparison of pure pinus tabulaeformis, Quercus acutissima, Robinia pseudoacacia andPlatycladus orientalis forests are0.484,0.482,0.498and0.478respectively. The proportionof trees with a neighborhood comparison of0to1in each stand is not much different, whichindicates that within each spacial structure unit, the DBH distribution of different diameterclasses is uniform and the differentiation degree of individual tree is large. The mean neighborhood comparison of Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus acutissima mixed forest is0.481, thereinto that of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis are0.444and0.508respetively, which indicates that most of Pinus tabulaeformis has the dominant position withinits spacial structure unit, while most of Quercus acutissima is inferior wood, extremelyinferior wood or intermediate wood. The mean neighborhood comparison of Robiniapseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima mixed forest is0.469, thereinto that of Robiniapseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima are0.393and0.509reepetively, which indicates thatmost of Robinia pseudoacacia has the dominant position within its spacial structure unit,while most of Quercus acutissima is inferior wood, extremely inferior wood or intermediatewood.(3) Viewed from the tree spatial isolation, the Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercusacutissima mixed forest and the Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima mixed foresthave a mean mingling of0.400and0.316, the stands with low or even zero mingling have alarger proportion. That shows that the mingling of different tree species is low in the mixedforests, the same species of trees mostly grow together and overall the mingling of trees inmixed forest is undesirable.In terms of the quality of forest landscape, we assessed the pure Pinus tabulaeformis,Quercus acutissima, Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis forests of LushanNational Forest Park with scenic beauty evaluation method of psychophysics and establisheda model combining with the stand spatial structure parameters using the Backward method ofSPSS, the landscpe evaluation models of four tree species are as follows:(1) The landscape evaluation model of pure Pinus tabulaeformis forest is:y=-5.475+0.69x71+0.659x103-0.265x122+0.144x3+0.2x4The five main factors that affect the scenic beauty of pure Pinus tabulaeformis forest arethe average DBH, average tree height, natural pruning, underlayer unifomity and trunkcurvature, and the five factors, in order of the contribution to the the scenic beauty are averageDBH> average tree height> trunk curvature> underlayer unifomity> natural pruning.(2) The landscape evaluation model of pure Quercus acutissima forest is:y=1.493-0.79x101-2.38x1+0.14x3The main factors that affect the scenic beauty of pure Quercus acutissima forest areuniform angle index, average DBH and underlayer unifomity, and the three factors, in order ofthe contribution to the the scenic beauty are average DBH> underlayer unifomity> uniformangle index.(3) The landscape evaluation model of pure Robinia pseudoacacia forest is: y=1.838+0.563x71-0.559x72-0.579x73+0.082x91-0.428x93+0.376x113-0.543x122-0.726x6The main factors that affect the scenic beauty of pure Robinia pseudoacacia forest arecanopy density, natural pruning (almost no, significant, very significant), litter (almostinvisible, uniformly distributed), tonal variation (variable), trunk curvature (slightly) and thefactors, in order of the contribution to the the scenic beauty are natural pruning (little)> tonalvariation (variable)> litter (almost no)> litter (uniformly distributed)> trunk curvature(slightly)> natural pruning (significant)> natural pruning (very significant)> canopy density.(4) The landscape evaluation model of pure Platycladus orientalis forest is:y=-2.387-3.047x72+1.218x111+0.956x5+1.133x121The main factors that affect the scenic beauty of pure Platycladus orientalis forest aretonal variation, trunk curvature, stand density, natural pruning, and the factors, in order of thecontribution to the the scenic beauty are tonal variation> trunk curvature> stand density>natural pruning.更多还原