【作者】 李威；

【导师】 刘亚光；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 农药学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 黑龙江省是我国重要水稻生产区,也是我国最早进行化学除草的省份。萤蔺(Scirpus juncoides Roxb.)又名灯心藨草,属于水田莎草科多年生杂草,是水田难以防除的常见杂草之一。本文以采自黑龙江省6个地区的19个萤蔺生物型为研究对象,研究萤蔺种子休眠解除方法,并利用琼脂法和整株法测定萤蔺不同生物型对丙草胺、吡嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆和2甲4氯四种除草剂的敏感性,旨在明确黑龙江省不同生物型萤蔺对4种常用除草剂是否产生抗性以及抗性水平,为稻田萤蔺的化学防除和除草剂的合理混用,再进一步通过测定抗性生物型、中等敏感型和敏感生物型体内ALS、POD和CAT活性变化,来初步探索不同生物型产生抗药性的机制,明确除草剂对不同生物型杂草体内酶活性变化的影响,为预防萤蔺抗药性的产生提供理论依据。研究结果如下：1.不同贮藏条件、乙醇和H2O2处理、机械摩擦处理对打破萤蔺种子休眠的效果不同,其中,5℃低温层积处理对打破萤蔺种子休眠效果最好。不同贮藏条件对萤蔺的萌发有影响,5℃低温层积处理能够有效打破萤蔺种子眠,随着层积时间的延长,萌发率先上升后下降,层积处理4weeks萌发率最高,分别于培养后第7d、10d、15d、20d测定萌发率,五常07为46%～75.43%,通河为64%～77.08%,牡丹江04为42.33%-68.83%；室内常温贮存8个月不能解除萤蔺种子的休眠；室外地下贮藏(5cm)7个月萤蔺种子只有部分解除休眠,并没有完全解除休眠。乙醇和过氧化氢(H202)两种化学药剂不能够解除萤蔺种子的休眠,当乙醇浓度为0.4%时萌发率最高,分别为五常07地区3.03%、通河地区3.34%、牡丹江04地区3.83%；当过氧化氢浓度为7.5%的萌发率最高,分别为五常07地区萌发率为8.06%、通河地区为4.47%、牡丹江04地区为3.99%。机械处理能够快速解除种子本身机械限制作用而促进种子萌发,本试验通过摩擦萤蔺种皮,对种皮造成损伤可显著提高萤蔺种子的萌发率,牡丹江04生物型为40.33%、五常07生物型为41.33%,通河生物型为36.33%,。2.黑龙江省6个地区的19个萤蔺生物型对吡嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆、丙草胺和2甲4氯的敏感性存在差异。本文以19个不同生物型的萤蔺为研究对象,利用琼脂法和整株法相结合的方法,测定了不同生物型萤蔺对丙草胺、吡嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆和2甲4氯的抗性水平,其中,牡04生物型对吡嘧磺隆产生中等水平抗性,通河、五02、五08、五11三个生物型产生低水平抗性；五07和通河2个生物型对苄嘧磺隆产生中等水平抗性,牡04、五04生物型对苄嘧磺隆产生低水平抗性。供试19个生物型并没有对丙草胺和2甲4氯产生抗药性。研究结果如下：采自黑龙江省牡丹江地区的牡04生物型对毗嘧磺隆产生了中等水平的抗性,利用琼脂法和整株法测得抗性系数分别为22.96和10.23；通河、五02、五08、五11生物型处于低水平抗性,五05、五01、牡01、五09、涝州、平山生物型处于敏感阶段；利用琼脂法检测出五04和五07生物型处于中等水平抗性,但整株法检测处于低水平抗性阶段,五站、五06、五12、牡02、五03、五10生物型琼脂法检测处于低水平抗性,而整株法中表现为敏感性,至于这些生物型的抗性水平还需进一步确定。采自黑龙江省五常地区的五07生物型和通河生物型对苄嘧磺隆产生中等水平抗性,五07生物型抗性系数分别为14.24和11.72,通河生物型抗性系数分别为,12.77和10.36；牡04、五04生物型对苄嘧磺隆产生抗性,五05、五09、牡01、五10、五12、五站、平山生物型处于敏感性阶段；琼脂法中五03生物型处于中等水平抗性,在整株法中处于敏感性下降阶段,在琼脂法中涝州、牡02、五01、五06、五02、五11处于低水平抗性阶段,而在整株法中表现为敏感性,这些生物型的抗性水平还需进一步确定。供试的黑龙江省6个地区的19个萤蔺生物型并没有对丙草胺和2甲4氯产生抗药性,抗性系数均小于3,处于敏感阶段。3.丙草胺和2甲4氯处理下,抗性生物型与敏感性生物型相比POD和CAT酶活性增幅较大,并在第4d时酶活性达到最大值；吡嘧磺隆和苄嘧磺隆处理下,抗性生物型ALS酶活性恢复较快,并在第7d时接近对照水平,中等敏感型其次,而敏感生物型ALS酶活性处于抑制状态。丙草胺和2甲4氯施用后,抗性生物型、中等敏感型、敏感型萤蔺POD和CAT酶活性变化不同。选抗性生物型为牡02(R)、中等敏感型为五05(M)、敏感型为涝州(S),测定出丙草胺处理后R型POD和CAT活性增长最快,抵御活性氧的伤害能力最强,其次为M型,最后为S型；选择抗性生物型为牡04(R)、中等敏感型为五08(M),敏感型生物型为涝州(S),测定出2甲4氯处理后R型POD和CAT活性增长最快,抵御胁迫的能力最强,其次为M型,最后为S型。萤蔺不同生物型对苄嘧磺隆和吡嘧磺隆的抗性水平与ALS活性增长有关。在吡嘧磺隆和苄嘧磺隆处理下,分别选择抗性型为牡04和五07(R)、中等敏感型为通河和牡02(M)、敏感型为涝州和五站(S)。R型ALS活性增长最快,其次为M型,最后为S型,S型ALS活性一直处于抑制状态。这些差异是R型对吡嘧磺隆和苄嘧磺隆抗药性大于M型和S型萤蔺的一个主要原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 Heilongjiang province is the important rice production area in our country, and is also our first country’s province to use herbicide in paddy rice in China. Rock Bulrush is one of weeds whichi are familiar and difficult to be controlled. In this research,19Rock BulRush weed biological type as research objects was gathered from6areas of Heilongjiang province, and some methods to break dormancy of Rock BulRush seed. This experiment was conducted to research the methods to break dormancy character of Rock Bulrush, and the Susceptibility of19weed biological type to four herbicides that were Pretilachlor, Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, Bensulfuron methyl and MCPA respectively,by using Agar method and Whole plant method, The results are as follows:1. The different storage condition, chemicals agents and mechanical treatment have different effect in break Rock Bulrush seed dormancy.Among of them,5℃cold stratification treatment have the best results.The different storage conditions on Germination of Rock BulRush.5℃cold stratification treatment can effectively break the Scirpus juncoides Roxb. seed dormancy. With increasing stratification, germination first increased and then decreased. Laminated4weeks had the highest germination rate. In training after7d,10d,15d,20d determination of germination rate:Wuchang07is46%-75.43%, Tonghe is64%～77.08%, Mudanjiang04is42.33%-68.83%. Dormancy indoor temperature storage can not be8months lifted Scirpus juncoides Roxb. seeds. Outdoor underground storage (5cm)7months of Rock Bulrush seed dormancy were relieved for only part, not completely breaking dormancy.Chemicals ethanol and H2O2is not able to lift the Scirpus juncoides Roxb. seeds. When the concentration of ethanol is0.4%,it has the highest germination rate, respectively Wuchang07area is3.03%, Tonghe area3.34%, Mudanjiang04is3.83%; By the concentration of H2O2is7.5%,it has the highest germination rate, respectively Wuchang07area is8.06%, Tonghe area4.47%, Mudanjiang04is3.99%.Mechanical treatment can relieve the mechanical restriction and promote seed germination. By the experiment of friction Rock Bulrush seed, broken seed coat can cause significantly improve the germination rate of seeds of Rock Bulrush biotypes of Wuchang07is41.33%, biotypes of is36.33%, biotypes of Mudanjiang04is40.33%. 2.The19biotypes of Rock BulRush from6area of Heilongjiang province have differences to Pretilachlor, Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, Bensulfuron methyl and MCPA.Based on the19different biotypes as the research object of Rock BulRush. By using Agar method and Whole plant method, resistance level of different biotypes of Rock Bulrush on Pretilachlor, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl, Bensulfuron methyl and MCPA is determined. Among of them, Mudanjiang04produced a moderate resistant level to Pyrazosulfuron, Wu O2,et al produced low resistance level. WuO7biotype and Tonghe biotype produced intermediate resistance levels to Bensulfuron methyl. WuO4and Mu04biotype have low resistance level. The results were as follows:Mudanjiang04biotypes collected from Heilongjiang Province produced a moderate level of Pyrazosulfuron. Using Agar method and Whole plant measured resistance coefficient are22.96and10.23. Detection results of comprehensive Agar method and Whole plant method:,Tonghe, Wu02, Wu08, Wu11biological type produce low level of resistance; Wu05,Wu01,Mu01,Wu09,Laozhou,Pingshan biotypes resistant coefficient in3-5,belong to sensitive stage. Other biological types are all at a sensitive stage.WuO7biotype and Tonghe biotype collected from Heilongjiang province produced intermediate resistance levels to Bensulfuron methyl. Detection results of comprehensive Agar and Whole plant method:WuO7biotypes resistant coefficient are14.24and11.72; Tonghe biological resistance coefficients are12.77,10.36.Wu04and Mu04biotype have resistance to Bensulfuron methyl. Wu05,Wu09,Mu01,Wu10, Wu12,Wuzhan,Pingshan biological type is in the sensitivity resistance stage, In Agar method Wu03stay in intermediate resistance levels,but in Whole Plant method Wu03stay in sensitive following stage.This results need more research to confirm their resistance levelThe6regions of Heilongjiang province19Rock Bulrush biological types didn’t produce resistance to Pretilachlor and MCPA-Na, resistance coefficients were less than3in sensitive stage.3.Pretilachlor and MCPA treatment, resistant biotype and sensitive biotype compared to POD and CAT activity increased considerably, and in the4D enzyme activity reached the maximum. Pyrazosulfuron ethyl and Bensulfuron methyl treatments, ALS activity of resistant biotypes recovery fast, and in the7d close to the control level,. Moderately sensitive second, and ALS enzyme activity of susceptible biotypes in the inhibitory state.Pretilachlor and MCPA fertilizer, Changes of resistant biotype, moderately sensitive, sensitive Scirpus juncoides POD and CAT enzyme activity are in different. Selection of resistant biotypes is Mu02(R), and secondary sensitive type is Wu O5(M), sensitive is LaoZhou (S), Determination of Pretilachlor treatment growth of R type’s POD and CAT of activity is in the fastest, strongest ability against active oxygen damage. The second type is M, the last type is S. Selection of resistant biotypes is Mu04(R), and secondary sensitive type is Wu O8(M), sensitive is LaoZhou (S). Determination of MCPA treatment growth of R type’s POD and CAT of activity is in the fastest, strongest ability of resist stress. The second type is M, the last type is S. Different biotypes of Scirpus juncoides resistance level to Pyrazosulfuron ethyl and Bensulfuron methyl related the incereasing of ALS activity. In Pyrazosulfuron ethyl and Bensulfuron methyl treatment, Selection of resistant, respectively for Mu04and Wu07(R), Moderately sensitive for TongHe and MuO2(M), Sensitive to LaoZhou, and WuZhan (S). Growth of R type’s ALS activity is the fastest, followed by M, and the last is type S. S type ALS activity had been inhibited state. A major cause of these differences is R type of Pyrazosulfuron ethyl and Bensulfuron methyl resistance higher than that of M type and S type.更多还原