【作者】 张凤娟；

【导师】 魏云鹤；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 化学工程， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 随着卤水相关产业的不断发展壮大,特别是氯系、溴系精细化工的兴起和产能的快速增加,对卤水资源的需求量不断增加。经过几十年的开采,浅层地下卤水储量呈明显下降趋势,因此,深层地下卤水的开采利用对于国民经济持续发展将起到显著的作用。与浅层卤水的开采相比,深井卤水的开采存在开采投资大、运营费用高等问题,其中深井卤水开采过程中的能耗成本占经济成本总量的比重最大,寻求一种或多种能够添加到卤水当中并且能够显著降低采输卤过程中能耗的有效减阻剂,对于提高采输卤过程的输量、降低能耗和经济成本具有极其重要的意义。本论文主要在以下几个方面对深层地下卤水开采过程减阻降耗技术进行了研究。通过查阅相关文献,分析了减阻剂的减阻机理,结合深层地下卤水高温、高压、高盐的特点,预测了适用于卤水开采过程减阻降耗的减阻剂的基本性质；在分析减阻性能测试机理的基础上,设计并安装了减阻率室内测试环道；对现有水溶性高分子化合物,如聚丙烯酰胺、黄原胶、羟丙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚乙烯醇、聚氧化乙烯等进行了减阻性能测试,初步确定各类高分子化合物的减阻性能；对聚丙烯酰胺进行改性,包括水解和磺甲基化,对改性后的高分子产物——水解聚丙烯酰胺与部分磺化聚丙烯酰胺进行了红外光谱表征和减阻性能测试；对各类水溶性高分子化合物的减阻性能进行分析对比,确定适用于深层地下卤水开采过程减阻降耗的最佳减阻剂。研究结果表明：1、实验室自主设计安装的减阻剂减阻率测试环道经济实用,测试数据较为准确；使用电磁泵代替离心泵作为输送动力,避免了高分子减阻剂的剪切降解。2、在所测试的几种常见水溶性高分子化合物中,只有PAM和PEO具有明显的减阻作用,而黄原胶、羟丙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚乙烯醇等由于立体网状结构或分子量不高没有减阻作用。3、PAM在温度较低的清水中减阻效果突出,在雷诺数、添加浓度等最佳条件下,减阻率可以达到50%以上；温度对PAM减阻性能影响较大,随着温度的升高,减阻率急剧下降；卤水中的含盐量对PAM减阻性能影响同样较大；在温度与盐度的双重影响下,PAM的减阻性能大幅度降低,在50℃、含盐量200g/L的卤水中,添加2Oppm PAM,其最大减阻率仅为14.71%；重力作用对于高分子减阻剂减阻效果的影响可以忽略；剪切降解是高分子减阻剂降解失效的主要因素,添加减阻剂的卤水通过离心泵剪切,可在极短的时间内使减阻性能消失。4、PEO减阻率随浓度的变化规律与PAM相似,但雷诺数对其减阻率的影响较小,常温下,PEO在清水中的减阻率也可达到50%以上；温度对PEO减阻性能的影响很大,随着温度的升高,PEO减阻率急剧下降；相对于PAM, PEO对盐度的敏感度较低,在常温卤水中的减阻性能优于PAM；温度与盐度共同作用对PEO减阻性能影响巨大,在40℃卤水中几乎丧失减阻作用。5、通过红外光谱对PAM改性产物进行了表征,结果表明反应产物都有明显的特征峰,说明改性产物为预期产物；水解后的聚丙烯酰胺在耐温耐盐性方面较PAM有所降低；但部分磺化聚丙烯酰胺的耐温耐盐性能明显提高,在50℃、含盐量200g/L的卤水中,在添加20ppm的相同条件下,相比PAM,部分磺化聚丙烯酰胺的减阻率可提高19个百分点,达到33%。通过对各类减阻剂减阻性能的综合比较,适用于深层地下卤水开采过程减阻降耗的减阻剂是部分磺化聚丙烯酰胺,而PAM和HPAM的减阻性能较差,PEO在高温卤水中没有减阻作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the continuous development of relevant brine industries, especially the rise of chlorine, bromine-based fine chemicals and the rapid increase of production capacity, the demand for brine resources increased. After decades of exploitation, shallow underground brine reserves showed a downward trend, the exploitation of deep underground brine will play a significant role in the elimination of constraints sustained development as the shortage of brine resources. Compared with shallow brine mining, deep well mining of brine mining exit large investment and high operating cost problems, in which the energy costs of deep brine mining process accounted for the largest proportion of total economic output costs. Seeking one or more DRA which can significantly reduction the energy consumption of brine mining process when added to the brine is of great significance in improving mining halogen process throughput, reducing energy consumption and economic cost.Mainly in the following aspects of drag reduction and consumption reduction of deep underground brine mining transport process were studied in this thesis.Through consulting relevant literature, this paper analyses the existing water soluble drag reduction mechanism and drag reduction performance, combined with the characteristics of high temperature and pressure, high salt in brine mining process, the basic performance applies of DRA were predicted that can be used in brine mining process for drag reduction; Designed and installed the drag reduction ring road based on the analysis on the mechanism of drag reduction performance test; The drag reduction performance of existing water-soluble polymer, such as PAM, xanthan gum, HPC, CMC, polyvinyl alcohol, PEO etc have been studied to preliminarily determine the drag reduction performance of all kinds of compounds; PAM was modified, including hydrolysis reaction and sulfomethylation, and the drag reduction performance of reaction product-HPAM AM and SPAM have been studied; The drag reduction performance of all kinds of DRA were analyzed to determine the most suitable DRA for the drag reduction of brine mining process.The results show that:1The drag reduction ring road that independent design and installation in laboratory is economical and practical, the test data is more accurate; Using electromagnetic pump instead of centrifugal pump for conveying power to avoid the shear degradation of polymer drag reduction agent.2Several common water-soluble polymers in the test, only the PAM and the PEO has significant drag reduction effect, and xanthan gum, HPC, CMC, polyvinyl alcohol has no drag reduction effect as their three-dimensional reticular structure or low molecular weight.3The drag reduction effect of PAM in low temperature water is outstanding, in the optimal conditions of Re and adding concentration, the drag reduction rate of PAM can reach above50%; Temperature has a greater influence on the drag-reducing characteristics of PAM, drag reduction rate fell sharply as the of temperature increases; The brine salinity has the same greater influence on the drag-reducing characteristics of PAM; Under the dual effects of temperature and salinity, the drag reduction performance of PAM significantly reduced; Under the condition of50℃, salt content of200g/L, the maximum drag reduction rate of20ppm PAM was only14.71%; The influence of gravity on drag reduction performance of high molecular polymers DRA can be ignored; Shear degradation were a main factor in the failure of polymer DRA degradation, when DRA brine was cut by centrifugal pump, drag reduction disappeared in a very short period of time.4The drag reduction rate variation with concentration of PEO was similar to PAM, but Re has less effects on the drag reduction rate, at normal temperature, the drag reduction rate of PEO in clear water also can reach more than50%; temperature has larger influence on the PEO drag reduction performance, the drag reduction rate of PEO fell sharply as the temperature increases; Compared with PAM, PEO was not sensitive to salinity, drag reduction performance is better than that of PAM in normal brine; The combination of temperature and salinity has great effect on the drag reduction performance of PEO, drag reduction is almost lost in40℃brine.5Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was employed to analyze modified products of PAM, the results showed that the reaction product had obvious characteristic peak, indicating the occurrence of the hydrolysis reaction and sulfomethylation; Hydrolysis reaction had a little effects on the drag reduction effect, and the heat resistance and salt resistance of HPAM reduced than PAM; Sulfomethylation could improve the drag reduction performance significantly, especially in the improvement of heat resistance and salt resistance, when the concentration of SPAM was20PPM, the drag reduction rate could be increased by19percentage points to33%.Through a comprehensive comparison of drag reduction performance of various types of DRA, the kind of DRA that most optimized for drag reduction in mining transport bittern process was SPAM, the drag reduction performance of PAM and HP AM was poor; PEO had no drag reduction in high temperature brines.更多还原