联合国原子能委员会研究（1946-1952）

【作者】 刘京；

【导师】 梁占军；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 世界史， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 联合国原子能委员会(1946-1952)是第一个处理原子能问题的专门机构,它提出的种种建议,对后来的历史发展起到一定的影响。对这一机构的研究,可加深我们对联合国组织、战后主要大国的核政策以及冷战起源问题的理解。参与核武器研究的核物理学家玻尔等人,最早提出了由美英苏大国合作管控原子能的设想。但这一设想为正积极研制原子弹的美国罗斯福政府和英国丘吉尔政府所拒绝。在经历了多次争论后,杜鲁门政府决定通过联合国组织来管制原子能,但这一政策的实质仍是核垄断。美英加三国首脑会谈和美英苏三国外长会谈,最终确定了将来联合国原子能委员会的设立条件、基本任务、与联合国其他机构关系等方面。1946年1月24日,联大通过了第1(Ⅰ)号决议,决定成立原子能委员会。原子能委员会工作之初即由于美苏分歧而陷入困难,这些分歧主要集中在三方面。第一,苏联主张先禁止原子武器,再进行国际监督；美国则要求先建立国际管制,再禁止原子武器。第二,苏联建议的国际监督机构只有监督之权,而美国拟设立的原子能发展总署其职能和权力则包括对在任何地方原子材料及相关装备的专有的监督权、所有权和经营权。第三,苏联认为大国否决权必须存在,而美国则不允许用大国否决权保护违规行为。由于美苏针锋相对的原子能控制政策,原子能委员会的工作逐渐陷入僵局,最终于1952年被解散。造成原子能委员会工作僵局、停滞并最终解散的原因有如下几点：其一,美苏关系从战时盟友到冷战对手的变化导致双方的互不信任是原子能委员会失败的根本原因；其二,美苏对国际原子能控制问题完全对立的政策立场,以及相关协商中毫不妥协的态度,是导致原子能委员会工作失败的直接原因；其三,联合国权力分布是原子能委员会失败的外在机制性因素。当然,放在历史的长镜头下来审视,关于裁军和军备控制问题,在历史上达成协定的也微乎其微,充分执行协定的更是少之又少。通过对联合国原子能委员会的历史考察可以看到,美苏之间的冷战以及双方的原子能政策的分歧直接影响了原子能委员会的运转,而原子能国际谈判的失败又进一步加强了美苏的冷战对抗。因此,美苏冷战爆发不能简单归结于某一国的责任,而是双方政策互动中不断发展的结果。作为冷战中具有重要意义的原子能尤其是原子弹问题,对美苏冷战政策的走向起到了重要作用。解散后的原子能委员会,其部分职能纳入到裁军委员会当中,并继续发挥作用。原子能委员会当中讨论的种种政策建议,部分促成了国际原子能机构的建立,并为以后的美苏核谈判提供了历史借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 The UNAEC(1946-1952) was the first specialized agency dealing with the the nuclear energy, and many recommendations by it had some influence on the history. A study on the UNAEC can deepen our understanding of the U.N., the powers’nuclear policies and origins of the Cold War.Some nuclear physicists such as Bohr who had participated in making the nuclear weapon, took the initiative that U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union should cooperate to control the atomic energy. However, the recommendation was rejected by the Roosevelt government of U.S. and the Churchill government of Britain, which had actively been manufacturing the atomic bomb. After many arguments around the control of the atomic energy,the Truman Administration made a decision that U.S. would control the atomic energy through U.N., but the aim of this policy is to protect nuclear monopoly of U.S.. The summit meetings of U.S., Britain and Canada, and the foreign ministers’talks of U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union, all of those determined how the UNAEC would be set up, its basic task and relationship with other U.N. bodies.On January24,1946, UNGA passed the1(Ⅰ) resolution, which stipulated that UNAEC should be established.UNAEC got into trouble at its very start because the three differences below between U.S. and the Soviet Union. Firstly, the Soviet Union proposed that the nuclear weapons should be prohibited firstly before the international supervision, but U.S. hold opposite views. Secondly,the Soviet Union insisted that the international supervisory organization only have the right of supervision, but U.S. advocated that functions and rights of the proposed Atomic Development Authority include the supervision, ownership, and management on all nuclear material and related facilities anywhere. Thirdly, the Soviet Union thought the power must keep the veto, but U.S. argued the veto could not been used for protecting some countries getting out of line.Because of those opposing policies between U.S. and the Soviet Union, UNAEC came to a deadlock little by little, and finally was disbanded in1952.Three causes made UNAEC get into trouble, stagnate and be disbanded at last. Firstly, the root cause is the mutual distrust between U.S. and the Soviet Union, which had become the opponents of Cold War from the wartime allies. Secondly, the immediate cause is those opposing policies between U.S. and the Soviet Union in international control of nuclear energy, and their uncompromising attitude in their negotiation. Thirdly, the institutional cause is the distribution of power of U.N. Of course, if we look this question in a long time, we can find that agreements on disarmament and arms control have been reached very little, and that very few among them have been fully carried out.From the history of UNAEC, we can find out that the Cold War and different policies of nuclear energy of USA and the Soviet Union straight influenced the operation of UNAEC, and the failure of international negotiations furthered the Cold War confrontation between U.S. and the Soviet Union. So, the outburst of US-Soviet Cold War can not attribute to one country’s responsibility, and it’s the result that interaction of US-Soviet policies has brought about.The nuclear energy especially the atomic weapons which has much importance in the Cold War, plays a essential role in trends of policy of US-Soviet Cold War. Although UNAEC was disbanded, its some function was brought into the Disarmament Committee, and still played a role. Many recommendations which had been put up in UNAEC, partly contributed to the establishment of IAEA, and supplied historical lessons for US-Soviet nuclear negotiations afterwards.更多还原