【作者】 吴敏；

【导师】 高聪芬；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 农药学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 大螟[(Sesamia inferens (Walker)]、二化螟[Chilo suppressalis(Walker)]是水稻上的重要害虫,其中二化螟常年在我国长江流域为害严重,可造成水稻枯心、白穗、枯孕穗等症状的发生。大螟的危害程度相比二化螟和三化螟较轻,通常在稻田周边零星发生,但其寄主范围广,又因近年来耕作制度及作物布局的变化,大螟的发生危害逐年加重,尤其在21世纪初,安徽、湖北、湖南、江苏、江西等省相继报道,大螟种群数量迅速回升,造成白穗率大幅上涨,已成为水稻的主要害虫之一。目前针对螟虫的防治主要依靠化学药剂,但杀虫剂抗性的产生与发展,已经导致多种药剂的防治效果逐渐降低。为了明确目前田间常用药剂对大螟的防治效果,选择测定了其对4种药剂的敏感性；为进一步掌握二化螟对田间常用防治药剂的抗性发展动态,于2011-2012年采用点滴法监测了浙、苏、皖、鄂、川及赣等6省19地二化螟种群对5种杀虫剂的抗性水平；氟苯虫酰胺属双酰胺类杀虫剂,对二化螟具有非常优秀的防治效果,本研究于2010-2012年进行了7省29地二化螟田间种群对氟苯虫酰胺的敏感性监测,初步建立了二化螟对氟苯虫酰胺的敏感基线并进行了抗性水平的评价。以上研究结果可为指导田问合理用药和抗药性治理提供理论依据,点滴法进行了大螟不同田间种群对杀虫单、三唑磷、毒死蜱及阿维菌素4种稻田常用药剂的敏感性测定,结果表明不同地区大螟种群对药剂的敏感性存在较大的差异：上海金山区和青浦区大螟种群敏感性低于江苏连云港种群；4种药剂对大螟的毒杀效果依次为：阿维菌素>三唑磷>杀虫单>毒死蜱,与其对二化螟的防治效果并不一致,因此田间防治水稻二化螟所施用的常用药剂可能并不能达到对大螟的兼治效果,而应选择具有针对性防治效果的药剂来控制大螟。二化螟抗药性监测结果表明：田间二化螟种群对杀虫单、三唑磷、毒死蜱、阿维菌素及甲维盐5种药剂的抗性水平存在显著的地域性差异,抗性最为严重的二化螟种群来自浙江省,其次为安徽省、湖北省及江西省,江苏省和四川省大部分种群相对较为敏感。浙江苍南、瑞安、象山、金华二化螟种群对三唑磷仍保持了高-极高水平的抗性(RR=58.1-555.5),对毒死蜱已发展至中-高水平抗性阶段(RR=29.8-133.6),对杀虫单为低-中等水平抗性(RR-7.1-23.8),对阿维菌素处于敏感性下降-中等水平抗性阶段(RR=3.4-11.2)；安徽庐江、和县、广德、宿松二化螟种群对三唑磷为中等-高水平抗性(RR=15.4-71.9),对毒死蜱产生低-高水平抗性(RR=6.5-78.4),除宿松种群对杀虫单产生了中等水平抗性(RR=16.4)以外,其他3个种群对杀虫单处于敏感-敏感性下降阶段(RR=1.3-5.0),4个种群对阿维菌素处于敏感-低水平抗性阶段(RR=1.7-8.1)；湖北武穴种群对三唑磷产生了高水平抗性(RR=65.0),对杀虫单产生了中等水平抗性(RR=12.7),对毒死蜱和对阿维菌素均产生了低水平抗性(RR=5.8和9.7),而孝感、荆州种群对三唑磷产生了低至中等水平的抗性(RR=9.8和18.4)；江西泰和二化螟种群对三唑磷产生了极高水平的抗性(RR201.4)；对毒死蜱和杀虫单均为中等水平抗性(RR=22.4和10.4),对阿维菌素产生了低水平抗性(RR=7.5)；上高种群对杀虫单为低水平抗性(RR=6.9),对三唑磷和毒死蜱均为中等水平抗性(RR=16.1和15.4)；江苏句容种群对三唑磷产生了低水平抗性(RR=6.9),仪征种群对毒死蜱和杀虫单分别产生低水平抗性(RR=8.0和6.0)。除以上地区,其余二化螟种群对4种杀虫剂均处于敏感-敏感性下降的阶段。而对于甲维盐,除浙江瑞安、苍南二化螟种群产生了低水平抗性(5.1-6.0)外,所有种群都保持在敏感-敏感性下降水平。氟苯虫酰胺是一类作用于昆虫鱼尼丁受体的新颖杀虫剂,对水稻二化螟等鳞翅目幼虫具有非常高的防效,为及时掌握二化螟对其抗性发展动态,延长此类新型杀虫剂资源的寿命,2011-2012两年问采用稻苗浸渍法对采自7省29地的二化螟田间种群进行了氟苯虫酰胺的敏感性监测,并初步建立了二化螟对该药剂的敏感基线,结果表明,不同地区二化螟种群对氟苯虫酰胺的敏感性具有较大的差异,最敏感的种群FS12(LC5o=0.032mg/L)与敏感性最低的种群JH12(LC5o=1.090mg/L)之间差异达到34.1倍,同一地理种群在不同年份之间敏感性差异不大,但浙江金华和安徽庐江二化螟种群敏感性2012年比2011年显著下降,选取安徽潜山、广德,四川富顺、大竹、双流、仁寿和江西都昌等7个未曾或很少施用过氟苯虫酰胺的稻区二化螟作为敏感种群,综合7种群数据,得出敏感基线LC50为0.092mg/L；抗性评估结果表明,浙江金华种群已达到了中等水平的抗性(RR=11.8倍),浙江苍南、象山,湖南东安、攸县,湖北钟祥、武穴,江西都昌、上高以及江苏仪征等9个种群也产生了低水平的抗性(RR=5.1-9.0倍),对以上地区应继续密切关注,及时了解对氟苯虫酰胺的抗性发展动态,并进一步加强该药剂的合理使用,延缓其抗性发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The pink stem borer. Sesamia inferens (Walker)(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and striped stem borer. Chilo suppressalis(Walker)(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae), are important pests on rice, especially in the southeastern provinces around the Yangtze River of striped stem borer, it causes dead hearts and whiteheads during the vegetative and reproductive stages respectively. S.inferens usually occurred at out part of paddy field and damaged less serious than C.suppressalis and Tryporyza incertulas (Walker), however, this pest has a broad range of host plants, and in recent years, with the changes in cultivation and diversification of crops, the damage caused by this insect becomes serious year by year, especially at the beginning of21th century, as reported in Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu and Jiangxi province. Chemical control has been a major measure to protect rice from damage by the pests, but with the development of insecticides resistance, many insecticides have lost the efficient control of the rice pests. So effect of general insecticides against the pests was assayed for efficient controlling strategy. Simultaneously, in order to master the insecticides resistance development, micro topical method were carried to survey the resistance of19populations of C.suppressalis from6provinces against5common insecticides which were frequently used in paddy field. The aim is to provide a rational guidance of insecticides application. Flubendiamide was developed by Nihon Nohyaku and showed efficient control on lepidopteran pests, it has been widely used since2010for C.suppressalis. In order to monitor the resistance change more better and supply the resitance management strategy earlier, susceptibility of strip stem borer to flubendiamide were assayed, and preliminary toxicity baseline of flubendiamide was established.Topical bioassay was carried out for sensibility of pink stem borer to4common insecticides, results showed that, the pests from different area showed significant discrimination of resistance, with susceptibility of population from Shanghai was lower than that from Jiangsu. Toxicitiy of4insecticides ordered as:abamectin) triazophos) monosultap>chlopyrifos, differed with their activity to striped stem borer, therefore, it was speculated that the common insecticides for control of rice stem borers in recent years was not conducive to the control of S. inferens. agent with high toxicity against this pest should be adopted for its control.Resistance bioassay results indicated that resistance level of rice stem borer populations from paddy varied among different regions, the higher resistant area located in Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi province, most of the colonies from Jiangsu and Sichuan province maintained susceptible. Field populations of Cangnan, Ruian, Xiangshan and Jinhua from Zhejiang province have developed high to extremely high level of resistance to triazophos (RR=58.1-555.5), moderate to high level of resistance to chlopyrifos (RR=29.8-133.6). low to moderate level of resistance to monosultap (RR-7.1-23.8). and decreased susceptibility to moderate level of resistance to abamectin (RR=3.4-11.2); Lujiang. Hexian. Guangde and Susong populations from Anhui province have developed moderate to high level of resistance to triazophos (RR=15.4-71.9), low to high level of resistance to chlopyrifos (RR=6.5-78.4), Susong population has developed moderate level of resistance to monosultap (RR=16.4), exclude this strain, the rest3populations of chilo suppressalis retained sensitive or decreased susceptibility to monosultap(RR=1.3-5.0); All the4populations have sensitive to low level of resistance to abamectin(RR=1.7-8.1); High level of resistance to triazophos were found in Wuxue population from Hubei province (RR=65.0) and it has developed moderate level of resistance to monosultap (RR=12.7) and low level of resistance to chlopyrifos and abamectin (RR=5.8and9.7); Besides, Xiaogan and Jinghzhou population from this province were of low to moderate level of resistance to triazophos (RR=9.8and18.4); Taihe population from Jiangxi province has developed extremely high level of resistance to triazophos (RR=201.4), moderate level of resistance to chlopyrifos and monosultap (RR=22.4and10.4), and low level of resistance to abamectin (RR=7.5), Shanggao population was low level of resistance to monosultap (RR=6.9) and moderate level of resistance to triazophos and chlopyrifos (RR=16.1and15.4); Jurong population from Jiangsu province has developed low level of resistance to triazophos (RR=6.9), and Yizheng population has developed low level of resistance to chlopyrifos and monosultap (RR=8.0and6.0). Excluding those strains, the other ones were still at susceptible or decreased susceptibility level to these4insecticides, thereafter, except for that Ruian and Cangnan population were of low level of resistance to emamectin, all of the other field populations remained sensitive or at the decreased susceptibility level.Flubendiamide is a novel class of insecticide acting on insect ryanodine receptors with efficient larvicidal against lepidopteran pests. In order to survey the initial evolution of resistance of stem borer to flubendiamide for prolonging the new pesticide life span, rice seedling dipping method was adopted in our study for susceptibility monitoring of C.suppressalis to flubendiamide,29different geographic field populations from7provinces were involved in this experiment and toxicity baseline of flubendiamide was established. The assay data indicated that the susceptibility of different population showed obvious variaty to this insecticide, the LC50values varied from0.032mg ai/L to1.090mg ai/L, among all the populations, FS11colony showed the highest susceptibility to this compound, simultaneously. JH12strain was the most tolerant one, and34.1times difference was detected between them, although obvious variation of susceptibility among different geographic populations were observed, no differences were found in most of the populations from the same location in different years except that LC50values of Jinhua population from Zhejiang province and Lujiang population from Anhui province in2012were significantly higher than that in2011. Population of Qianshan, Guangde from Anhui province; Fushun, Dazhu, Shuangliu, Renshou from Sichuan province and Duchang from Jiangxi province were the species which have never or seldom be exposd to flubendiamide, so they were considered as the sensitive ones and the data were pooled for establishing the baseline (LC50=0.092mg ai/L). Preliminary resistances were also assessed and the results indicated that Jinhua polulation has reached moderate level of resistance (RR=11.8-fold), besides, Cangnan, Xiangshan. Dong’an, Youxian, Zhongxiang. Wuxue, Duchang, Shanggao and Yizheng population were of low level of resistance (RR=5.1-9.0-fold), close observation should be put into action to master the dynamic state of flubendiamide resistance and conduct the rational use of this pesticide, accordingly, development of resistance will be delayed and the new type of these insecticides are protected.更多还原