【作者】 王红；

【导师】 董彩霞；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 黄冠梨果面褐斑病和库尔勒香梨顶腐病被认为是与果实缺钙导致的生理病害。近几年,河北、甘肃等地在黄冠梨成熟季节前后和贮藏期间出现较大面积的果皮褐斑现象,俗称“鸡爪病”,严重地影响了果实的外观及品质,造成了很大的经济损失。而在库尔勒香梨果实萼端出现的黑斑现象,俗称“顶腐病”,也严重影响了库尔勒香梨的品质和商品价值。本研究在12年生的黄冠梨和14年生的香梨生长发育的不同时期,喷施不同种类钙肥,研究喷施时期和钙肥种类对黄冠梨果面褐斑病、库尔勒香梨顶腐病的防治效果,以期为生产中降低缺钙导致的生理病害提供理论依据。主要结果如下：不同钙肥和膨大剂处理有效提高了采收时黄冠梨的单果重,提前20天成熟；改变了黄冠梨果实日增长量的变化趋势。整个发育期内,未涂抹膨大剂梨果日增长量逐渐增大,到花后100-120天达到最大值；涂抹膨大剂梨果日增长量在花后85～100天达最大值,其中以康朴液钙+膨大剂处理下日增长量最高,之后直至成熟,日增长量逐渐下降。黄冠梨随果实的生长,钙、钾和磷含量均逐渐降低,其中,钙含量在花后85天降低较快,钾和磷含量的变化趋势较为相似,涂抹膨大剂的梨果钙、钾和磷含量均低于同一时期未涂抹膨大剂的梨果。生育期内未涂抹膨大剂梨果钙积累量在花后85天前逐渐增加,其中以喷施糖醇钙效果最明显；涂抹膨大剂梨果钙积累量则一直增加,其中以喷施康朴液钙和糖醇钙效果最为明显。黄冠梨果实钾和磷积累量随果实的生长而逐渐增加,涂抹膨大剂后果实内钾和磷的积累量均较同时期未涂抹膨大剂梨果高。喷施康朴液钙和糖醇钙可有效提高成熟期果肉和果皮钙含量,喷施4次钙肥有明显的降低钾、磷含量的作用。喷施糖醇钙和康朴液钙有提高果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及降低可滴定酸含量的作用；膨大剂的使用降低了果实硬度和可滴定酸含量,对可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量有所提高。喷施4次钙肥可有效降低黄冠梨成熟期果面褐斑病,其中喷施糖醇钙对降低褐斑病的效果最显著,提高果实品质和果皮钙含量、降低钾与磷含量或对果面褐斑病的发生有较好的防治。喷钙不同程度的提高了香梨果实钙含量,其中以幼果期喷施钙肥效果较好；喷钙降低钾和磷含量,对镁和硼含量影响较小。膨大期喷施果蔬钙和康朴液钙可较好的防治香梨贮藏期间顶腐病发生,提高果实顶部钙含量对降低香梨顶腐病有较好的作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The browning spot of Huangguan pear and blossom-end rot of Korla fragrant pear were considered as fruit physiological diseases caused by calcium deficiency in fruit. In recent years, there appeared a kind of phenomenon that the skin of pear was spottedly brown during the mature stage or storage, commonly known as "chicken feet", in the province of Hebei, Gansu and other places, where the Huangguan pear was cultivated in a large area. It seriously influences the appearance and quality of the fruit, leading to great economic losses. On the other hands, the calyx end of Korla fragrant pear was black spot, commonly known as blossom-end rot, is another calcium related disease. Thus, two field experiments were conducted on12-year-old Huangguan pear orchard and14-year-Korla fragrant pear orchard to study the effects of spraying different kinds of calium fertilizers at different stages on the reduction of the two calcium related diseases. The main results were as follows:The use of fruit-expander effectively improved the fruit weight of Huangguan pear and advanced the time of maturity20days. It also changed daily growth rates, the daily growth rates of fruit without fruit-expander arrived maximum at100-120days after flowering(DAF), while the daily growth rates of fruit with fruit-expander arrived maximum at85～100DAF, among which, the treatment of Compo calcium(CPC) with fruit-expander was the highest, the daily growth gradually declined at100～120DAF.With the growth of Huangguan pear, the content of calcium, potassium and phosphorus decreased gradually, among which, calcium content reduced rapidly after85DAF, potassium and phosphorus content changed similarly. Generally, these three essential elements content in the fruit with fruit-expander treatment were lower than without fruit-expander treatment in the same period. In the growth period, without using fruit-expander, the calcium accumulation content gradually increased until85DAF and then decreased, of which, spraying sugar alcohol calcium(SAC) was the best; whereas, the calcium accumulation content with fruit-expander increased all the time, the effect of CPC and SAC was the best; the potassium and phosphorus accumulation content of Huangguan pear both gradually increased, at the same time, their accumulation content of which treated with fruit-expander also had a higher level than those not treated. Spraying CPC and SAC can effectively improve calcium content both in the flesh and peel of mature Huangguan pear. Spraying four times calcium fertilizers reduced the content of potassium and phosphorus.In different period, spraying SAC and CPC improved the fruit firmness, soluble solids, soluble sugar and reduced the content of titratable acid; The use of fruit-expander reduced the fruit firmness and titratable acid content, but improved the content of soluble sugar and soluble solids. Increasing the times of calcium spraying effectively reduced the incidence of browning spot of Huangguan pear, among which, spraying SAC had the most obviously effect; Improving the quality and calcium content, reducing potassium and phosphorus contents in the peel may have a better prevention to the browning spot of Huangguan pear.Spraying calcium improved calcium content of Korla Fragrant pear to some degree, and it’s preferable when spraying at the young fruit stage; Spraying calcium reduced potassium and phosphorus contents, but had little influence on magnesium and boron contents. Spraying Fruit calcium and CPC at the expanding stage prevented the occurrence of blossom-end rot in Korla Fragrant pear during storage, improving the calcium content of the calyx-end had a good effect to the reduction of blossom-end rot.更多还原