【作者】 孟岩；

【导师】 刘红臻；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法学理论， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 儿童保护始终是我们人类社会需要关心的重要问题。如今我国经济不断发展，社会处于转型期，很多社会制度也正处在构建时期，儿童福利制度便是其一。在我国有虽有以《未成年人保护法》、《预防未成年人犯罪法》、《义务教育法》三部法律文件为基础的儿童法律保护制度，但在理论层面上，儿童福利多以国家政策保护为主，在立法层面上未有统一的儿童福利法案，在具体的儿童保护机构设置上未有专门机构开展具体工作。上述原因导致我国目前儿童保护出现了各种社会性问题。为解决上述儿童保护工作出现的症结问题，本文认为应在提出儿童福利权概念的基础上，进一步完善我国儿童福利保护的制度安排。首先，为了加强对儿童的保护，我们应将以往主要以国家政策进行保护的儿童福利以法律权利的形式确认，让国家承担保障儿童福利权的义务。儿童福利权与儿童生存和发展密切相关，它以儿童的生命健康权、受教育权、获得适当生活水准为主要代表内容，是一项具有道德性和法律性的积极性权利。监护人、社会和国家是保障儿童福利权的三个义务主体，这之中的国家是儿童福利权的第一义务主体。目前我国的儿童福利权保护模式总体来说还是以家庭为基础的亲权保护模式为主，但当下的这种保护模式随着我国家庭结构的变迁和社会经济的发展，显然已经不能很好地满足儿童福利权利的各种需求。因此，应当建立以国家为义务主体的国家义务模式，在厘定家庭、社会和国家保护儿童福利权利的义务范围之时，明确要求国家扮演儿童福利权保护的主要角色。国家对儿童福利权保障所承担的义务主要是尊重义务、保护义务、实现义务、促进义务。针对如今儿童福利保护制度在现实中暴露出的种种问题，以国家义务为主要保护模式的儿童福利权法律保护制度构建应贯彻两大主要原则：平等原则和普享原则。儿童福利权中的平等原则指的是三个层次的内容：平等保护、平等适用、平等救济。普享性原则包括儿童福利权主体的普遍性和儿童福利权利内容的普享性两个方面，也就是指儿童福利权作为一项基本权利由全体儿童普遍享有。最后，我国当下儿童福利权法律保护的立法还存在着法律口号化、宣言化、政治化倾向严重的问题，因此应该尽早制定统一的儿童福利法案，统筹相关工作。与此同时在国家层面上设置专门的儿童福利机构，设立儿童津贴制度，建立各种儿童福利基金会以及促进非政府儿童福利机构的建立以便全面落实儿童福利权的保障工作。不仅如此，还应完善相关司法程序，设立特殊儿童福利权保护制度，对残疾儿童、孤儿、大病儿童、贫困儿童、离异儿童、受虐待儿童等特殊儿童进行单独保护和救济。更多还原

【Abstract】 Protect the child is alway be a must that we need to concern in order to keep asociety health. As economy growing, Chinese society step into the social transitionalperiod, social institutions needs to be formed and reformed, including the institutionof child welfare.Although there has three laws,Law on the Protection of Minors，Law ofPrevention of Juvenile Delinquency and Compulsory Education Law, that forming thelegal base of recent child protection, the theoretical vacuum, which shows as recentresearch only start from political authority and no other start points, the vacancy ofthe law of child welfare, and the absent of a certain child welfare institution leadingthe practice of child protection facing a social predicament. This essay suggests thatthe concept of right of child welfare and a corresponding institutional improvement isa feasible solution of this problem.There is a overwhelming statement in academical field that a weak policyprotection is too far from enough,so the state is responsible to make the child welfarebecome a right by legislation. The right of child welfare, exemplified by the right oflife and health, the right of education and the right to obtain an adequate livingstandard, is a moral and legal right, which is critical to a child’s survival anddevelopment in economical, social and cultural realm. The three main obligationsubjects of the child welfare are guardian, society and the nation, and the nation is themost important subject.Recently the child protection pattern is mainly parental, but this model is simplyout of satisfaction as the family structure and the society outside has been changingdramatically. So a protection pattern of national should be built to strengthen the childwelfare, after a clear obligations distinction of their own roles has made among thefamily, the society and the nation. The role of nation is to respect, to protect, to realizeand to promote the obligations.The problems exploding in recent child welfare protection reminding us that two principles should be follow strictly: equality and universal. The principle of equalitymeans equal to protect, equal to apply and equal to remedy. The principle of universalmeans the subject of right and the content of right is common.Finally, the recent practice of legitimation still stay in a superficial level, whichis means by that provisions like slogans and declarations. So an integrate legitimationof child welfare should be put forward to coordinate the protection practice.Meanwhile, the institutions and funds of child welfare should be built in nationalscale in order to realize the right of child welfare, while makes the non governmentorganizations act a more positive role in the protection practice. Also a specialprotection should offer to the disable child, the orphan, the severe disease child andchild from family with economical difficult or divorce or parental abuse, in order toinsure their protection is being act and is more easier the remedy.更多还原