【作者】 陈杰；

【导师】 华红霞；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 水稻是中国最广泛种植的农作物之一。目前,对于不同品种水稻或不同栽培模式下田间节肢动物群落结构多样性的研究比较多,但对于稻田试验小区临界最小面积的研究较少。研究试验小区面积大小对稻田节肢动物群落调查结果的影响,为确定临界最小面积提供依据,为稻田节肢动物群落调查提供方法上的支持,明确本地区主要害虫种群发生动态,保护与合理利用优势天敌的自然控制作用,对水稻的可持续安全生产具有重要的意义。研究结果如下：1.不同面积小区中采集到的节肢动物群落结构的比较2012和2013年,通过吸虫器5点取样法发现300m2、150m2和75m2三种面积小区中采集到的节肢动物群落多样性指数：物种丰富度(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、均匀性指数(J)和优势集中性指数(C)四个指数无显著差异,并且四个群落多样性指数的时间动态曲线也基本一致。三种面积的相似性指数均高于78%,表明了三种面积小区采集到的群落物种组成很相似。2.不同面积小区中采集到的节肢动物功能团优势度的比较2012和2013年,通过吸虫器5点取样法发现300m2、150m2和75m2三种面积小区,在2012年7月16日300m2上采集到的植食类优势度显著低于150m2和75m2上的,在300m2上采集到的其他类优势度显著高于150m2和75m2上的,在2012年9月14日300m2上采集到的捕食类优势度显著低于150m2上的,其他取样时间点上采集到的节肢动物整体功能团优势度都没有显著差异,都是植食类整体优势度排在首位,并且植食类、其他类、寄生类和腐食类优势度时间动态走向趋势基本一致的,且差异不显著。3.不同面积小区中采集到的节肢动物群落优势科(种)的比较通过吸虫器5点取样法,发现2012年不同面积采集到节肢动物群落优势科和优势种基本相同,优势科优势度最大都是飞虱科,其次是摇蚊科,随后是叶蝉科；优势种优势度最大的是白背飞虱,其次是稻黄摇蚊,随后是褐飞虱。2013年不同面积采集到节肢动物群落优势科和优势种基本相同,优势科优势度最大都是飞虱科,其次是叶蝉科,随后是摇蚊科；优势种优势度最大的是白背飞虱,其次是稻蚊,随后是电光叶蝉。4.不同面积小区中采集到的不同功能团中主要节肢动物种群密度和种群动态的比较2012年和2013年,通过吸虫器5点取样法发现不同面积小区中采集到的四种主要害虫(白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera、褐飞虱Nilaparvata lungens、黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps和电光叶蝉Deltocephalus dorsalis)的种群密度没有差异；四种主要害虫7次取样时间点上的发生量也没有差异；四种主要害虫种群时间动态曲线走势基本一致,没有差异。2012年和2013年,通过吸虫器5点取样法发现不同面积小区中采集到的四种主要捕食性天敌(黑肩绿盲蝽Crytorrhinus lividipennis、青翅蚁形隐翅甲Paederus fuscipes Curtis、草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola和纵条蝇狮Marpissa magister)的种群密度没有差异；四种主要捕食性天敌在7次取样时间点上的发生量也基本没有差异,只有草间钻头蛛在2012年8月15日,300m2上采集到的发生量显著低于75m2上的；四种主要捕食性天敌的种群时间动态曲线走势基本一致,没有差异。2012年和2013年,通过吸虫器5点取样法发现不同面积小区中采集到的四种主要寄生性天敌(稻虱红螯蜂Haplogonatopus japonicus、稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae、三化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles schoenobii和拟螟蛉绒茧蜂Apanteles sp.)的种群密度没有差异；四种主要寄生性天敌在7次取样时间点上的发生量也基本没有差异,只有稻虱红螯蜂在2012年9月4日,300m2上采集到的发生量显著高于150m2的,稻虱缨小蜂在2012年9月14日,300m2上采集到的发生量显著高于150m2的；四种主要寄生性天敌的种群时间动态曲线走势基本一致,没有差异。本试验设计三个面积梯度,调查发现三种面积小区采集到的节肢动物群落很相似,基本没有差异,但临界最小面积的确定还需设置更多的面积梯度和取样尺度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rice is one of the crops which is most widely grown in China. Currently, there are many studies of diversity of arthropod community structure between different cultivation patterns or different varieties of rice, but lack of critical minimum area designs. In order to study the effct of different arera designs on the researching results of stability and diversity of arthropod community, whcih is to determine the critical minimum area, to support the method of survey, to pick out the population dynamics of main pests and to make use of the natural control function of enemies. It is of great significance of sustainable production of rice. The main results were as follows:1. Comparisons of the stability and diversity of arthropod community sampled in rice plots of different area designsIn2012and2013, we sampled with five sub-samples in rice plots of different area designs by vacuum-suction machine. It was that there were no significant differences in common community indices such as species richness(S), Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H’), evenness index(J) and dominance index(C), were also found in the temporal dynamics of the four community indices of different area designs. All the similarity indices were higher than78%, showed the similar community compositions of the rice plots along different area designs.2. Comparisons on guild dominance of rice plots of different area designs of the arthropod communityIn2012and2013, it was showed that there were no significant differences on guild dominance in different area designs of the arthropod sampled by vacuum-suction machine with five sub-samples. The phytophages was the major class. And was found in the temporal dynamics of dominance in the phytophages, the parasitoids, the detritivores, the predators and the others. But the dominance of the phytophages sampled in300m2was significantly higher than that sampled in150m2and75m2On July16,2012. And the dominance of the parasitoids sampled in300m2was significantly higher than that sampled in150m2On September14,2012.3. Comparisons on dominant families and species of rice plots of different area designs of the arthropod community It was showed that there were no significant differences on dominant families and species in different area designs of the arthropod sampled by vacuum-suction machine with five sub-samples.And the highest-dominance families were the delphacidae, the chironomidae and the cicadellidae, meanwhile Sogatella furcifera, Inazuma dorsalis (Motschulsky) and Nilaparvata lugens were the highest-dominance species in2012and2013.4. Comparisons on the population densities and the temporal dynamics of the main arthropods in rice plots of different area designsWe selected the main phytophages (Sogatella furcifera, Nilaparvata lungens, Nephotettix cincticeps, Deltocephalus dorsalis) sampled by vacuum-suction machine with five sub-samples. It was showed that there were no significant differences in the population densities of the selected arthropods, were as the same the temporal dynamics in2012and2013.We selected the main predatorys (Crytorrhinus lividipennis, Paederus fuscipes Curtis, Hylyphantes graminicola, Marpissa magister) sampled by vacuum-suction machine with five sub-samples. It was showed that there were no significant differences in the population densities of the selected arthropods, were as the same the temporal dynamics in2012and2013. But the number of Hylyphantes graminicola sampled in300m2was significantly lower than that sampled in150m2in On August15,2012.We selected the main parasitoids (Haplogonatopus japonicus, Anagrus nilaparvatae, Apanteles schoenobii, Apanteles sp.) sampled by vacuum-suction machine with five sub-samples. It was showed that there were no significant differences in the population densities of the selected arthropods, were as the same the temporal dynamics in2012and2013.But the number of Haplogonatopus japonicus or Anagrus nilaparvatae sampled in300m2was significantly higher than that sampled in150m2On September14,2012.The above results indicts that the stability and diversity of arthropod community are similar and have no significant differences, but we need more area designs and sampling scales.更多还原