【作者】 陈艳；

【导师】 王延平；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业资源利用， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 番茄裂果病是影响陕北地区番茄种植经济效益高低的核心因素，其发生与养分的供应相关；陕北地区建设沼气池不仅能够极大地解决农户的用能问题，而且发酵产生的沼液、沼渣能够作为肥料使用。本文针对陕北地区靖边县番茄生产中番茄裂果病的发病率居高不下导致番茄产量下降、品质不高的实际问题，根据微生物学、作物学、农学等相关理论据，开展了沼液、沼渣施用对番茄发病率和产量影响的试验研究，证实其在改善农村人居环境的同时，创造了良好的蔬菜栽培环境条件，为蔬菜生长提供了大量营养元素和必需的微量元素，减少了化肥的用量，确保了蔬菜产品高产、优质。试验结果表明，沼液、沼渣应用于番茄生产时，对降低番茄裂果病的发病率和提高番茄产量效果显著，且番茄生长植株健壮，茎粗，叶色浓，平均单果重202g，比对照平均增重52.7g,果实外观好看，果型均匀，口感好。（1）沼渣做基肥撒施后能显著降低番茄裂果病的发病率。番茄裂果病的发病率与沼渣施用量呈负相关，关系式为y(发病率)=2.3659x(沼渣施用量)，R2=-0.9758。随着沼渣施用量的增加，番茄裂果病的发病率降低，沼渣施用量达到2000kg/亩时，发病率下降至1.0%，进一步增施沼渣对降低番茄裂果病发病率差异不明显。沼渣做基肥撒施也能够显著提高番茄产量。在试验设计范围内，随着沼渣施用量的增加，番茄的亩产量提高，番茄产量与沼渣施用量呈正相关，关系式为y(产量)=43.459x(沼渣施用量)，R2=-4.7612。每亩施用2000kg沼渣，番茄产量达到最高值，比对照增产53.9%。（2）沼液追肥对降低番茄裂果病的发病率具有明显的效果。在试验设计范围内，随着沼液追肥量的增加，番茄裂果病的发病率降低，但各处理间差异不显著。沼液施用量达到每亩1500kg时，发病率可以下降至6.2%。沼液追肥对提高番茄产量具有明显的效果。在试验设计范围内，随着沼液追肥量的增加，番茄的产量增加，番茄产量与沼液施用量呈正相关，当沼液追施量为1200kg时，番茄亩产量比对照提高63%，增产1587.98kg。（3）沼液叶面施肥也能够有效降低番茄裂果病的发病率。番茄裂果病发病率与沼液喷施量呈负相关，关系式为y(发病率)=6.4255x(沼液喷施量)，R2=-2.5203。沼液喷施量达到50kg/亩时，发病率下降至13.3%，比对照降低25.6%，进一步增施沼液后对降低番茄裂果病的发病率差异不明显。（4）沼液沼渣组合施用对降低番茄裂果病发病率达到极显著水平，且抗逆性、抗病性明显增强，效果好于单独施用沼液、沼渣的效果。在试验设计范围内，降低番茄裂果病发病率的最优组合是:沼渣做基肥在0.649水平、沼液追肥在0.5625水平、沼液叶面施肥在1.215水平，相当于每亩沼渣做基肥的量为1917.7kg、沼液追肥的量为1097.2kg、沼液叶面施肥的量为60kg，降低番茄裂果病发病率在5%以下。沼液沼渣组合施用对提高番茄产量也有显著影响，且效果好于单独施用沼液、沼渣。沼液、沼渣组合施用提高番茄产量的最优组合是:沼渣做基肥处理水平为0.563，沼液追肥处理水平为0.863，沼液叶面施肥处理水平为0.239，相当于每亩沼渣做基肥的量为1829.2kg、沼液追肥的量为1282.7kg、沼液叶面施肥的量为35.9kg。从降低番茄裂果发病率和增产效果综合分析，番茄生产中每亩利用沼渣做基肥的量为2000kg、沼液追肥的量为1200kg、沼液叶面施肥的量为40kg时效果最为理想。（5）沼液沼渣组合施用对番茄育苗效果显著。沼液沼渣组合施用后，番茄出苗整齐，出苗率达90%，比对照提高9%，且茎粗平均增加0.15cm，叶片层数增加0.32，株高增加1.25cm，有较多根系生长到营养钵内壁处和营养钵底部，开展幅度大，扎根深度深，根系数量较对照多12条。建议在实践生产中，可用沼液、沼渣组合施于番茄来降低番茄裂果病的发病率及提高番茄产量。沼渣做基肥，每亩沼渣施用量2000kg，施肥方法为在番茄定植前结合耕翻，每亩施入农家肥3000公斤、磷酸二铵40公斤作为基肥，然后将沼渣一次性均匀撒施施入土壤。沼液追肥时追施量1200kg，追施浓度为100%，追施方法为在番茄生长季进行两次沼液追肥，均匀浇灌，第一次在现蕾开花期追施沼液量360kg，第二次在果实膨大期追施沼液量840kg。沼液叶面施肥的喷施量为40kg，喷施浓度为100%，均匀喷施，喷施方法为在番茄生长期间进行沼液叶面施肥两次，即开花期均匀地向叶面喷施沼液12kg，座果初期第2次叶面均匀喷施沼液28kg。沼液沼渣组合育苗时，沼液浓度以8%为宜。论文的完成证实，在陕北大力发展沼气，不仅能够在改善农村人居环境，而且能够创造良好的蔬菜栽培环境条件，为蔬菜生长提供了大量营养元素和必需的微量元素，减少化肥的用量，确保了蔬菜产品高产、优质。沼渣和沼液作为肥料，在番茄生产上具有广阔的应用前景。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tomato fruit cracking disease is the core factor influencing tomato planted in NorthernShaanxi economic benefit, its occurrence and nutrient supply; construction of biogas digestersin Shanbei area which can not only solve the energy problems for farmers, and biogas slurry,biogas fermentation can be used as fertilizer. The incidence in Jingbian County in NorthernShaanxi in tomato production in cracking disease rates lead to practical problems tomato yielddecreased, quality is not high, according to microbiology, crop science, agriculture and otherrelated theory according to the experimental effect of biogas slurry, biogas residue, fertilizeron Tomato incidence and yield to carry out research, confirmed the improvement of ruralliving environment at the same time, to create a good vegetable cultivation conditions,provide nutrients and trace elements necessary for the growth of vegetables, to reduce theamount of fertilizer, to ensure the high yield, high quality vegetable products.Test results show that the biogas slurry, biogas residue, applied to tomato production,significant effect on yield of tomato fruit cracking disease to reduce the incidence rate andimprove the tomato and tomato growth, robust plants, stem diameter, leaf color is thick, theaverage weight is202g, the average weight of52.7g increased compared with the control, thefruit of good appearance, fruit type of uniform, taste good.(1)Biogas fertilizer applicator can significantly reduce the incidence of tomato fruitcracking rate of the disease. The incidence rate of biogas was negatively correlated withapplication rate of tomato fruit disease, a formula is y (incidence)=2.3659x (biogas fertilizer),R2=-0.9758. With the increase of biogas fertilizer, tomato fruit cracking disease incidencerate decreased, biogas residue application amount reached2000kg/mu, the incidence ratedecreased to1%, further increasing application of biogas residue on the tomato fruitdecreased disease incidence rate was not significantly different. Biogas fertilizer applicatorcan significantly increase the yield of tomato. In the experimental design, with the increase ofbiogas fertilizer, tomato yield increase, yield and the application amount of biogas waspositively related with tomato, a formula is y (output)=43.459x (biogas fertilizer), R2=-4.7612. The application of biogas per mu2000kg, tomato yield reached the highest value,yield was53.9%higher than control.(2)The biogas slurry fertilizer has obvious effect to reduce the incidence rate of tomato fruit cracking rate of the disease. In the experimental design, with the increase of biogasslurry fertilizer, tomato fruit cracking disease incidence rate decreased, but the difference wasnot significant among treatments. Biogas slurry volume reached1500kg yuan per mu, theincidence can be decreased to6.2%. Biogas slurry fertilizer has obvious effect on improvingthe yield of tomato. In the experimental design, with the increase of biogas slurry fertilizer,tomato yield increase, yield positively and biogas slurry tomato weight, when topdressingamount of biogas slurry is1200kg, tomato yield increased by63%than that of the control,yield1587.98kg.(3) Slurry foliar fertilization can effectively reduce the incidence of tomato fruitcracking rate of the disease. Tomato fruit was negatively correlated with disease incidence andbiogas slurry spraying amount, relation y (incidence)=6.4255x (biogas slurry sprayingamount), R2=-2.5203. Biogas slurry spraying amount reached50kg/mu, the incidence ratedecreased to13.3%, decreased by25.6%, further increasing application of biogas slurry toreduce the incidence of tomato fruit cracking rate of the disease was not significantlydifferent.(4) Biogas slurry combined application on tomato fruit decreased disease incidencereached the extremely significant level, and the resistance, resistance increased, the effect isbetter than the single application of biogas slurry, biogas residue. In the experimental design,the optimal combination of tomato fruit decreased incidence of a disease is: biogas residue,biogas slurry fertilizer topdressing at the level of0.649at the0.5625level, biogas slurry foliarfertilization at the level of1.215, equivalent to the amount of biogas fertilizer per mu1917.7kg, biogas slurry fertilizer amount was1097.2kg, biogas slurry foliar fertilization forthe amount of60kg, reduce the tomato fruit cracking incidence rate below5%. Combinedapplication of biogas slurry had significant effects on the yield of tomato increased, and bettereffect than single application of biogas slurry, biogas residue. Biogas slurry, biogas residuecombined application of best combination to improve the yield of tomato is: biogas fertilizerprocessing level is0.563, biogas slurry fertilizer processing level is0.863, biogas slurry foliarfertilization level was0.239, equivalent to the amount of biogas fertilizer per mu1829.2kg,biogas slurry fertilizer amount is1282.7kg, biogas slurry foliar fertilization amount is35.9kg.From tomato fruit decreased incidence and yield increasing effect analysis in tomatoproduction per mu, using biogas fertilizer was2000kg, biogas slurry fertilizer amount is1200kg, biogas slurry foliar fertilization amount is40kg best.(5) The combination of biogas slurry application significantly effect on tomato seedling.Combined application of biogas slurry, tomato seedling, seedling emergence rate was90%,9%higher than control, and stem diameter increased an average of0.15cm, leaf number increased by0.32, plant height increased by1.25cm, there is more to the inner wall of rootgrowth and nutrition pot and bowl bottom, develop greatly, depth of the deep root, rootnumber than the control more than12.In practice production, biogas slurry and biogas residue can be combined in tomatotomato fruit to reduce morbidity and improve the yield of tomato. Biogas residue biogasfertilizer, application amount of2000kg per mu, fertilization method in tomato before plantingwith tillage, with per mu was applied manure3000kg,40kg of diammonium phosphate asbase fertilizer, and then evenly applied into soil residue disposable applicator. When thebiogas slurry fertilizer topdressing amount1200kg, N concentration was100%, topdressingmethod in tomato growing season two biogas slurry fertilizer, uniform water, first in thesquaring blossom period topdressing biogas slurry volume360kg, second at stage of fruitenlargement topdressing biogas slurry volume840kg. The amount of biogas slurry sprayingfoliar fertilizer is40kg, the concentration of100%, uniform spraying, spraying method forbiogas slurry foliar fertilization two times during the growth period of tomato, namelyflowering evenly12kg spraying, fruiting early second times foliar spraying biogas slurry28KG uniform. Biogas slurry combination breeding, biogas slurry concentration in8%isappropriate.The completion of this confirmed, in Northern Shaanxi to develop biogas, not only in theimprovement of rural living environment, but also can create a good vegetable cultivationconditions, provide nutrients and trace elements necessary for the growth of vegetables,reducing the amount of fertilizer, to ensure that the vegetable products of high yield, highquality. Biogas residue and biogas slurry as fertilizer, and has wide application prospect intomato production.更多还原