【作者】 张鑫；

【导师】 王金信；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农药学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 随着我国农业产业结构的不断调整，温室大棚栽培和种植高附加值经济作物的产业模式逐渐形成，给农民带来经济收益的同时，也为土传病虫害的发生提供有利的条件。目前使用土壤熏蒸是防治土传病虫害最有效、最直接的手段之一。其中，溴甲烷是世界上公认的最为优良的土壤熏蒸剂。但是它又是一种显著的臭氧层消耗物质，2003年4月我国签订了“蒙特利尔议定书哥本哈根修正案”，缔约中国于2015年全面淘汰溴甲烷。近年来，寻求溴甲烷替代品的研究成为国内的研究热点。本论文通过室内试验测定了氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、1,3-二氯丙烯以及1,3-二氯丙烯和氯化苦复配对辣椒疫霉和南方根结线虫的生物活性；通过室内培养试验研究了1,3-二氯丙烯与氯化苦1:1混用对土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌和土传病原菌镰孢菌属和疫霉菌属的恢复动态；通过黄瓜、番茄、辣椒和生姜田的田间小区试验，结合不同时间点的病害调查、病情指数调查和产量调查，综合评价了溴甲烷主要替代药剂及其组合对蔬菜根结线虫、辣椒疫病、姜瘟病的防控效果，进一步筛选出适合在中国推广的溴甲烷替代品及相应使用技术。主要研究结果如下：室内生物测定结果显示，氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、1,3-二氯丙烯对辣椒疫霉的EC₅₀依次为0.1213﹑2.4352﹑8.2986﹑8.4517mg·L^-1。1,3-D﹑棉隆﹑威百亩﹑氯化苦对南方根结线虫的EC₅₀依次为0.1789﹑0.2166﹑0.3025﹑1.2294mg·L^-1。通过1,3-D和氯化苦按1:2，1:1，2:1的比例混配测定其对辣椒疫霉和南方根结线虫的毒力，结果表明：配比1:2，1:1，2:1时对辣椒疫霉的EC₅₀分别为0.1442、0.2449、1.1316mg·L^-1，CTC1:2＞CTC1:1＞CTC2:1，1:1，1:2配比时有明显的相加作用；配比1:2，1:1，2:1时对南方根结线虫的EC₅₀分别为0.6072、0.3212、0.1949mg·L^-1，CTC2:1＞CTC1:1＞CTC1:2,1:1，2:1配比时相加作用明显。结合经济效益和多种病害兼治的原则，考虑1:1的配比最佳。采用平板稀释法测定了1,3-二氯丙烯和氯化苦1:1混用熏蒸土壤后对土壤微生物的恢复动态，结果显示：混用熏蒸土壤后，对土壤细菌开始表现为抑制作用，然后抑制作用减弱，逐步表现出一定的刺激作用；对土壤放线菌开始表现为抑制作用，14d表现为刺激作用，28d刺激作用最强，然后刺激作用逐渐减弱；对真菌具有强烈的抑制作用，但高浓度处理表现出强烈的刺激趋势。恢复培养期间，对镰孢菌属和疫霉菌属均表现出明显的抑制作用，但高浓度处理对镰孢菌属和疫霉菌属表现出“抑制-恢复-刺激”的趋势，并且刺激趋势明显。防治根结线虫方面，1,3-二氯丙烯是很好的杀灭线虫的土壤熏蒸剂，1,3-二氯丙烯与其它替代药剂混用能很好的防治土壤中的根结线虫。黄瓜、番茄田试验结果显示：1,3-二氯丙烯30g/m²处理，1,3-二氯丙烯+棉隆45g/m²处理后的小区的线虫减退率均达到90%以上，辣椒田试验结果显示：1,3-二氯丙烯+棉隆45g/m²处理，1,3-二氯丙烯+氯化苦40g/m²处理后线虫减退率为78.62%和83.82%，生姜田试验结果显示：1,3-二氯丙烯45g/m²处理，1,3-二氯丙烯+氯化苦40g/m²处理，1,3-二氯丙烯+棉隆45g/m²处理后的线虫减退率均在90%以上。防治辣椒疫病方面，辣椒田田间试验结果显示：氯化苦是最好的杀灭辣椒疫霉菌的替代药剂，氯化苦与其它药剂混用也是很好防治辣椒疫病的选择。氯化苦40g/m²处理，氯化苦乳油40g/m²处理，氯化苦+1,3-二氯丙烯40g/m²处理的防治效果分别为84.50%，87.61%，80.58%。防治姜瘟病方面，生姜田试验结果显示：氯化苦及其混剂是防治姜瘟病菌的最好选择，氯化苦40g/m²处理，氯化苦乳油40g/m²处理，氯化苦+1,3-二氯丙烯40g/处理的防治效果分别为73.01%，73.92%，76.73%。通过对熏蒸处理后产量调查，发现熏蒸处理后的小区产量要明显高于对照处理，各药剂之间产量的差异性较小，随着药剂浓度的增加，产量也呈现增长的趋势，结合病情指数、产量和经济成本，推荐使用1,3-二氯丙烯+棉隆45g/m²防治黄瓜、番茄田的线虫病害，推荐使用1,3-二氯丙烯+氯化苦40g/m²防治辣椒和生姜田的土传病虫害。本论文通过室内试验和田间小区试验，初步评价了不同溴甲烷替代药剂对蔬菜根结线虫、辣椒疫病、姜瘟病等主要土传病害的防治效果，为溴甲烷替代药剂在中国的推广应用提供理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the development of agricultural industry structure in China, greenhouse cultivationand planting of high-value crops industry model is evolving. While income of farmers hasbeen rising, providing favourable conditions for the spread of soil-borne diease. Now usingthe soil fumigants is the most efficient and the most direct way to control the soil-bornedisease. Methyl bromide（MB）is the most traditional soil fumigant which is recognized bythe world. But as a stratospheric ozone depleting compound, it should be phased out by2015in China based on “the Copenhagen Amendment to the Montreal Protocol”. To find thealternative of MB is becoming hot topics in recent years.In the paper, we ascertain the toxicity of chloropicrin, dazomet, metham-sodium,1,3-Dand the mixtures of the1,3-D and chloropicrin against Phytophthora capsici Leonian andMeloidogyne incognita. The dynamic recovery of mixture of1,3-D and choropicrin1:1on thefungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. in the soil were studiedthrough laboratory experiment. Via the field experiment of cucumber, tomato, pepper andginger, we evaluatived the control effect of the alternative of MB to the root-knot nematode,pepper blight, ginger blast, combined with different points of disease, disease index and yieldsurveys. The results were as follows:The laboratory result indicated that the EC₅₀values of soil fumigants chloropicrin,dazoment, metham-sodium and1,3-D to Phytophthora capsici Leonian were0.1213,2.43528.2986,8.4517mg·L^-1, respectively. The EC₅₀values of soil fumigants chloropicrin,dazoment, metham-sodium and1,3-D to Meloidogyne incognita were0.1789,0.2166,0.3025,1.2294mg·L^-1, respectively. The toxicity of the mixtures with the mixing ratio of1,3-D andchloropicrin as1:2,1:1,2:1against Phytophthora capsici Leonian were0.1442,0.2449,1.1316mg·L^-1, CTC1:2＞CTC1:1＞CTC2:1,1:1,1:2ratio had additive effect; The toxicity ofthe same mixing ratio against Meloidogyne incognita were0.6072,0.3212,0.1949mg·L^-1,CTC2:1＞CTC1:1＞CTC1:2,1:1,2:1ratio added significantly. The optimal matching ratio of1,3-D and chloropicrin was1:1, considering both the economic benefits and the principle oftreating a variety of disease.The dynamic recovery of mixture of1,3-D and choropicrin1:1on microbial number in the soil were studied through laboratory experiment. The results indicated that the bacteriawere inhibited at the beginning then decreased later on and finally became stimulating; theactinomyces were inhibited at the beginning then became stimulating at the14th day andthen became the strongest stimulus at the28th and finally decreased gradually; the fungalwere inhibited significantly then became the trend of strong irritation at high concentration.During incubation time, the effects of the mixture on Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.were significantly inhibition. However, the mixture at high concertration tested hadinhibition-restoration-irritation effect on Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp., while thepromotion became more significant.1,3-D and the mixture with other fumigants was the best soil fumigant in controlroot-knot nematode. The nematode dedine rates of1,3-D30g/m²and1,3-D+dazoment45g/m²were above90%in cucumber and tomato crops. Under the treatment of1,3-D+dazoment45g/m²and1,3-D+chloropicrin40g/m²in pepper crops, the reducing rateswere78.62%and83.82%. The ginger field experiment results that the nematode dedine ratesof1,3-D45g/m²,1,3-D+chloropicrin40g/m²,1,3-D+dazoment45g/m²were above90%.The field trials in pepper show that chloropicrin and the mixture with other fumigantswere the best alternative fumigant to control pepper blight. The reducing rates of chloropicrin40g/m², chloropicrin EC40g/m², chloropicrin+1,3-D40g/m²were84.50%,87.61%,80.58%.The field tests in ginger show that chloropicrin and the mixture with other fumigantwere the best alternative fumigant to control ginger blast. The dedine rates of chloropicrin40g/m², chloropicrin EC40g/m², chloropicrin+1,3-D40g/m²were73.01%,73.92%,76.73%.According to the yield surveys, the fumigation were significantly higher than the blankcontrol. There were no significant difference in different fumigants, but with the increasing ofconcentration, yields increase. Taking account into the disease index, yield and economic cost,we recommend that use1,3-D+dazoment45g/m²to control nematode in cucumber andtomato crops and use1,3-D+chloropicrin40g/m²to control of the soil diease in pepper andginger crops.Combined laboratory experiment with field test, the paper evaluated control effect of different methyl bromide alternative fumigants to the vegetable root-knot nematodes, pepperblight, ginger blast and other soil-borne diseases which provided theory evidence for theapplication of methyl bromide alternative fumigants in China.更多还原