【作者】 程燕；

【导师】 胡宏祥；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 秸秆直接焚烧会造成严重的资源浪费及环境污染，化肥的大量施入，不仅造成土壤地力下降，而且还会对地下水及江河湖泊造成污染，是农业面源污染的重要来源，因此开展秸秆还田及化肥优化利用研究显得尤为重要和紧迫。本文通过设置6个处理盆栽试验及4个处理大田试验，研究了秸秆还田及化肥配施对土壤性状及氮磷流失的影响，研究结果如下：（1）秸秆还田+优化施肥及秸秆还田+优化减量施肥处理都能提高0-20cm土层含水量，对20-40cm土层含水量影响不明显。秸秆还田两个处理与无秸秆还田处理对照，能显著降低0-20cm土层土壤容重，对20-40cm土层影响不明显。无秸秆还田+不施肥及无秸秆还田+优化施肥处理在0-20cm土层土壤容重差异明显。（2）秸秆还田+优化施肥及秸秆还田+优化减量施肥处理能提高土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量。与无秸秆还田处理相比，土壤全钾含量差异虽然显著，但提高幅度较小。秸秆还田处理中，土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量都随小麦生长呈增加趋势，土壤全钾和速效钾含量2012年12月28日达到最大值，随后逐渐减小。（3）秸秆还田四个处理秸秆还田+传统施肥处理、秸秆还田+传统减量施肥处理、秸秆还田+优化施肥处理、秸秆还田+优化减量施肥处理较无秸秆还田处理都能显著提高土壤有机质含量。（4）秸秆还田处理能显著降低地表径流全氮含量，且秸秆还田+优化施肥处理和秸秆还田+优化减量施肥处理地表径流全氮含量差异也达到了显著水平。秸秆还田同时能降低地表径流全磷含量，但秸秆还田条件下，化肥量的差异对全磷含量无显著性影响。秸秆还田处理与无秸秆还田处理对照，能显著降低流失泥沙全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷含量。秸秆还田条件下，化肥的用量不同，流失泥沙中上述物质含量也达到了差异显著水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 The direct burning of straw will cause serious resource waste and environmentalpollution. Applying of fertilizer in great quantity will not only cause the loss of soilfertility, but also cause pollution to groundwater and rivers and lakes, and it is theimportant source of agricultural non-point source pollution. So it is particularlyimportant and urgent to study on straw returning and fertilizer optimization using.6treatments of pot experiment and3treatments of field experiment were conducted tostudy the influence of straw returning and its combination with inorganic fertilizer onsoil properties and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results were as follows:(1) Three treatments: Straw returning, combination of optimizing fertilizationand straw returning, optimizing fertilization with less fertilizer could improve the soilwater content of0-20cm soil layer, but they did not have obvious effect on the soilwater content of20-40cm soil layer. Two treatments of straw returning and thecontrolled treatments of no straw returning could significantly reduce soil bulkdensity of0-20cm soil layer, but they did not have obvious influence on20-40cmsoil layer. Three treatments:no straw returning, no fertilizer and no straw returning,optimization fertilization had obviously different effect on soil bulk density in0~20cm soil layer.(2) Three treatments: Straw returning, combination of optimizing fertilizationand straw returning, optimizing fertilization with less fertilizer could improve contentof total nitrogen、total phosphorus、total potassium、 alkali-hydrolyzable-N、quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in soil. Compared with thetreatment of no straw returning, the content of total potassium in soil although hadobvious difference between3treatments, but did not improve much. In the treatmentsof straw returning, content of total nitrogen、 total phosphorus、alkali-hydrolyzable-N、quick-acting phosphorus in soil had the trend of increasingwith growing of wheat.The content of total potassium and quick-acting potassium insoil achieved the peak On December28,2012, then they reduced gradually.(3) Four treatments: combination of straw returning and traditional fertilization,combination of straw returning and traditional fertilization with less fertilizer,combination of straw returning and optimizing fertilization, combination of strawreturning and optimizing fertilization with less fertilizer could obviously improve theorganic matter content in soil when compared with the treatment of no straw returning.(4) The treatment of straw returning could significantly reduce the total nitrogencontent of surface runoff, and three treatments: straw returning, combination ofoptimization fertilization and straw returning, optimization fertilization with lessfertilizer had significant effect on the total nitrogen content in surface runoff. At thesame time, straw returning can reduce total phosphorus content in surface runoff. Butunder the condition of straw returning, the difference of fertilizer quantity had nosignificant effect on total phosphorus content. Straw returning and no strawreturning could significantly reduce the content of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolysablenitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus in erosion sediment. Under thecondition of straw returning, with the different amount of fertilizer, the above materialcontent in erosion sediment also reached the significant difference level.更多还原