【作者】 金涛；

【导师】 唐非；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 卫生检验与检疫， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 目的：长江、太湖是江苏省WX、SZ地区主要自来水厂的水源地，保障长江和太湖饮用水安全对当地经济与社会的发展以及居民的健康意义重大。而以往对WX、SZ地区长江、太湖水源饮用水中有机物的致突变以及雌激素活性强度的系统性研究尚不多见。本研究以该地区长江、太湖水源水饮用水为对象，对其中有机物的致突变及雌激素活性进行检测、比较与评价，以明确其致突变、雌激素活性强度水平变化规律，并在此基础上对其健康风险进行评估，同时分析各常规水质参数与水样致突变强弱之间的相关关系，为相关政府部门在加强水源地管理工作以及自来水厂净水工艺的改进提供科学依据。方法：分别于2010年10月12~14日、2011年3月16~19日、2011年8月15~17日、2012年3月6~7日四次采集WX和SZ地区的长江、太湖水源水及其相关自来水厂出厂水，共计12个自来水厂的43个水样。水样通过XAD-2大孔树脂吸附、富集、有机溶剂洗脱、低压真空浓缩、氮气吹干，获得水中的非挥发性有机物(Non-volatile organiccompounds，NVOCs)，然后分别应用鼠伤寒沙门菌致突变试验、SOS/umu试验以及重组雌激素受体基因酵母测试，对其进行遗传毒性及雌激素活性的检测与评价；应用多元回归统计分析对致突变性强度与常规水质参数之间（氨氮、温度、UV254、COD、余氯）的关系进行相关性分析；应用健康风险评价模型对WX、SZ地区太湖与长江水质进行健康风险评估。结果：①Ames试验检测WX、SZ地区太湖与长江水源水19个，在-S9条件下有3个水样的致突变试验结果为阳性，阳性率为15.8％，其中2个来自长江水源水；在+S9条件下，水源水有2个样品致突变阳性，阳性率为10.5％，均为长江水源水。检测相关自来水厂出厂水样共24个，在-S9条件下有15个样品结果为阳性，阳性率为62.5％，其中长江出厂水阳性水样为5个，阳性率为100％，太湖出厂水阳性水样为10个，阳性率为52.6％；在+S9条件下，有6个致突变阳性，阳性率为25％。②SOS/umu试验检测太湖和长江水源水样14个，在-S9条件下，6个水样的试验结果为阳性，阳性率为42.8％；在+S9条件下，10个水源水中阳性水样1个，阳性率10％；检测相关自来水厂出厂水样19个，在-S9条件下阳性水样13个，阳性率为68.4％；在+S9条件下，检测11个出厂水样，3个水样为阳性，阳性率27％。③YES试验检测太湖和长江水源水共19个，具有雌激素活性的水样数为17个，阳性率为89.5％，长江水源水雌激素活性检出率为100％，太湖水源水雌激素活性检出率为85.7％。太湖水源水的雌二醇当量（EEQs）为0~2.07ng·L-1，EC25-E2水样量为5.78~207.98mL，其中以2011年3月D2的水源水雌激素活性（EEQs=2.07ng·L-1）最高；长江水源水的雌二醇当量（EEQs）为0.69~1.15ng·L-1，EC25-E2水样量为9.06~31.62mL，以2010年10月A1的EEQs（1.15ng·L-1）最高；检测长江和太湖出厂水24个，13个（54.2％）出厂水样未检出雌激素活性，长江自来水厂可降低雌激素活性80.3％~100％，太湖自来水厂可降低雌激素活性55.5％~100％。④长江水源水的致突变强度与其同期COD值具有相关关系（r=0.874，p=0.026），太湖水源水的致突变强度与同期温度具有相关关系（r=0.497，p=0.035），太湖出厂水的致突变性强度与同期UV254值具有相关性关系（r=0.703，p=0.001）。⑤WX、SZ地区所有长江自来水厂水源水和出厂水，太湖水样中C1、C2、D2的致癌风险在10-4水平，以WX长江的致癌风险值最高为8.75×10-4，D1的致癌风险水平最低为1.33×10-5。结论：①WX、SZ的长江、太湖水源相关自来水厂出厂水的致突变性强度大于其水源水；WX、SZ的长江水源水和出厂水中NVOCs的致突变强度高于太湖水源水和出厂水；大部分致突变试验结果为阳性水样中的NVOCs为移码型直接致突变物。②长江水源水中NVOCs雌激素活性阳性的检出率大于太湖水源水，相关自来水厂的净水处理工艺可不同程度的去除水源中的具类雌激素物质。③SOS/umu试验与Ames试验在检测样品遗传毒性方面具有63.6％的一致性，而且SOS/umu试验需要样品量较少。④长江水源水的致突变活性强度与同期COD值相关；太湖水源水及其自来水厂出厂水的致突变活性强度分别与温度、UV254相关。⑤所检测的所有长江和部分太湖水源水及其自来水厂出厂水对人群的致癌风险超过美国EPA建议化学物污染物的致癌风险可接受范围（10-4~10-6）。更多还原

【Abstract】 Objective The Yangtze River and Taihu Lake provides the municipal water source for someparts of Jiangsu Province. It is significant to ensure drinking water safety for local economicand social development and the health of the residents, while there were few systematicresearchs of the organic matters in mutagnic and estrognic activity for the Yangtze River andTaihu Lake in Jiangsu Province. This study has investigated the level of mutagenicity andestrogenic activity of the non-volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) which wereconcentrated from the source water and finished water of Taihu Lake and Yangtze River fortwo years. The purpose of the investigation was to find out the intensity and variability of thelevel of mutagenicity and estrogenic effect of the source water and finished water of TaihuLake and Yangtze River. Furthermore, this study has analyzed the associations of theroutinely measured water quality parameters and mutagenicity in Taihu Lake and YangtzeRiver. Meanwhile, health risks of finished water and source water of Taihu Lake and YangtzeRiver were assessed. All of the research work could provide scientific basis for themanagement of water source and improvement of purification process in water factory.Methods A total of43source water and finished water samples were collected from October2010to March2012in WX and SZ areas of Jiangsu Province. The XAD-2resin was appliedto absorb the organic compounds in each water sample respectively. After the procedure ofelution, concentration and drying, non-volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) were obtained. The recombinant yeast estrogen screen test, SOS/umu test and the Salmonella mutagenicitytest were then applied to evaluate the estrogenic activities and mutagenicity of NVOCs ineach water sample. Based on the previous study, the associations of the routinely measuredwater quality parameters (NH3-N, UV254, temperature, COD, residual chlorine) andmutagenicity in Taihu Lake and Yangtze River were derived by multiple regression analysis.Meanwhile, the health risks of the water of Taihu lake and Yangtze river were assessed withhealth risk assessment model which recommended by the environment protection agency inUnited States.Results①A total of19source water samples were tested by Ames test without thecondition of S9, the positive rate of source water for Yangtze River and Taihu Lake was15.8％. Under the condition of S9, the positive rate of source water was10.5％. A total of24finished water samples were tested without S9, the positive rate of finished water forYangtze River and Taihu Lake was62.5％, and the positive rate of finished water fromTaihu Lake was52.6％. Under the condition of S9, the positive rate of finished water was25％. All the finished samples from Yangtze River were positive whether with or without S9.②A total of14source water samples were tested by SOS/umu test without the condition ofS9, the positive rate of source water in Yangtze River and Taihu Lake was42.8％; thepositive rate of19finished water samples was68.4％. Under the condition of S9, thepositive rate of10source water samples was10％, and the positive rate of11drinking watersamples was27％.③A total of19source water samples from Taihu Lake and YangtzeRiver were test by YES test, the positive rate of source water was89.5％, all the sourcewater samples of Yangtze River were positive, while85.7％of water samples from TaihuLake possess estrogenic activities. The EEQ values of source water from Taihu Lake were0-2.07ng·L-1, the EC25-E2were9.06-31.62mL; the EEQ values of source water from YangtzeRiver were0.69-1.15ng·L-1, the volume of EC25-E2were9.06-31.62mL. The estrogenicactivities of58.3％of the finished water samples were not detected after the treatment ofwater plants. The reduction rate about estrogenic activities of the water plants which collected source water from the Yangtze River were80.3％-100％and55.5％-100％ofthat from Taihu Lake.④The mutagenicity of NVOCs in source water of Yangtze river wasrelated to the COD（r=0.874，p=0.026），the mutagenicity of NVOCs in finished water ofTaihu Lake was related to the temperature (r=0.497，p=0.035),the mutagenicity of NVOCsin finished water of Taihu Lake was related to the UV254（r=0.703，p=0.001）.⑤The levelof health risks of source water and finished water in Yangtze River and most water samplesfrom Taihu Lake were10-4, and the health risk of Yangtze River in WX city was muchgreater than others(8.75×10-4).Conclusion①The level of mutagenicity of finished water samples which collected fromTaihu lake and Yangtze river in Jiangsu Province was higher than that of the correspondingsource water. The mutagenicity of source water and finished water samples from YangtzeRiver is stronger than that from Taihu Lake. Most of mutagenic matters in Taihu Lake andYangtze River were frameshifes directly mutagenic compounds.②The positive rate ofestrogenic activities of source water samples which from Yangtze River was higher than thatfrom Taihu Lake.④In the fields of detecting the water genotoxicity，the Ames test andSOS/umu test had a consistency of63.6％，and the SOS/umu test was more sensitivity thanAmes test.⑤The mutagenicity of NVOCs in source water of Yangtze river was related tothe COD, the mutagenicity of NVOCs in source water of Taihu Lake was related to thetemperature, the mutagenicity of NVOCs in finished water of Taihu Lake was related to theUV254.⑥The health risks of all the samples from Yangtze River and most samples fromTaihu Lake caused by chemical of carcinogens were beside the acceptable level whichsuggested by EPA（10-4~10-6）.更多还原